Ethical Dilemma Essay Example for Free

Ethical Dilemma EssayIn searching for a solution to the ethical dilemma of animal factories use antibiotics to keep animals well, I think there is only one solution that is to stop buying animal products that come from these places. The hard part is unhorseting to a greater extent people to follow suit. The hard part about getting people to stop buying a certain product is that consumers dont always know the risks or problems associated with a certain product, in this case, meat that is tainted with antibiotics. When consumers in the United States go to the grocery store or market, we atomic number 18 so hurried in our lives that checking where the food comes from often is not of importance. If consumers are to make a change, they first need to be educated, and this takes time, so someone has to get the word out, and on a large scale. I would contact major media sectors and draw their attention to the problem. I would check out Internet sources and make blogs or posts of my ow n. I myself would become an educated consumer and stop buying these products.I would speak to medical professionals such as my family physician to ask about the potential dangers of take in meat and poultry that had been fed antibiotics, and I would change my diet accordingly. I might even get my own hens if my city allowed that in city limits, and I would suggest to others that they do the same. I would share what I know with others and refuse to buy products from animal factories. This is the power that I hold as a consumer, and I would utilize it to solve this ethical dilemma.

Subsidize University Fees For Low Income Group Essay Example for Free

Subsidize University Fees For Low Income Group EssayINTRODUCTIONGlobally, there is increase demand for high breeding, especially from the youth population of developing countries, as it is viewed as an chief(prenominal) pathway for greater social mobility (Devesh, 2008). According to the World peck Organization (WTO 2010), surreptitious leaves from higher education be high for both(prenominal) developed and developing countries. In developing countries, the wage differential between a secondary school leaver and a university graduate is estimated to be as high as 200%. Besides the wage premium, rapidly changing engineering science in a globalized world is also demanding new and changing competencies that require life-long l clear uping skills, for which mature students often wear to go back to college for re-training and re-skilling. Malaysia is one of the roughly subsidise nations in the world. Its total subsidy of RM74 trillion in 2009 is equivalent to RM12,900 per household or 4.6 per cent of GDP even higher than Indonesia (2.7 per cent) Philippines (0.2 per cent). Out of the numbers, RM 30.8 billion goes to Primary, secondary, higher education and scholarships.Higher education in Malaysia is divided into 2 sectors public and non-public sector, there ar about 20 universities and 6 university colleges (the term university college is utilise to for those third level education institutions that be able to confer their own scores but sustain non achieved university status). In the non-public sector there are 559 institutions of vary types including universities and university colleges and foreign university branch campuses. The term non-public refers to the broad category of institutions not funded by the conjure up. A division between private and for-profit institutions exists within this category, but is not all clear. Outside of these categories are polytechnics (24) and community colleges (37), which will not be dealt with this pr ofile. The Higher Education Department within the Ministry of Education, co-ordinates and monitors the activities of public and private universities and colleges.Because of regimens orotund investments in higher education, extends of government involvement and university autonomy arise. Currently, studentsare assigned to specific universities based on their cumulative grade consign fairs, faculty members are essentially civil servants with highly fixed salaries, and vice chancellors and deans are appointed by the state. Malaysian public higher education students must pay development and otherwise fees and cover their living costs (though accommodations on campus are subsidized by the government).Solid financing is the backbone of a well-functioning higher education system. The end to attend tertiary education has monetary and non-monetary variables. In Malaysia the cost of tertiary education (tuition fees) and associated living costs affect how much a cash backwardness can discourage otherwise talented students from enrolling and completing higher education.Currently numerous kinds of subsidies exist such as government owned and operated school (public and private universities state colleges), subsidized loans, grants and scholarships.THE PROS TOWARDS GOVERNMENT SUBSIDYWhy does government need to intervene in the market for education? That is, doesnt the market produce the remunerate amount of education? If the market outcome is not right, what is the best way to intervene? To answer these questions, we first need to consider the basic model of education.In the economic model of education, every person in society has a certain amount of brain power, skill, knowledge, understanding, and the like. All those factors other than our unskilled labor resign us to produce output. We can think of all these factors as one, the composite factors which is human capital. It is very useful to think of human capital as correspondent to physical capital. Durable continues to have value over time, can decrease over time due to depreciation and can increase due to investments. acquiring education is like making a physical investment, improves the quantity and/or quality of the human capital. The purpose is to increase productivity and thats for sure.Hence, there are a few drawbacks if the Malaysian government didnt subsidized university education tuition fees. Family income determines whether the student can afford the costs of the university or college. First issue related to monetary variables and non-monetary variables will lead to a drop line of a higher education entry. This has made many young talents and bright students collapse to enter university and are a loss to forthcoming generation. This is due to Cost benefits rampart the barrier arises when the group decides that the cost of attending university is greater than its expected return to the education investment. Cash constraints barrier occurs when the students who have de cided that the returns to education outweigh the costs still cannot put together the resources to obtain entry to universities. Debt aversion barrier arises when an individual refuses to use the funds at his or her disposal because part of the funds might be loans, which at some point will have to be repaid. Parental education, race and ethnicity, gender and geographical location all play a role in the college decision-making process.Of course there are many reasons why government should step in. Subsidy indirectly can reduce crime. Of course crime is clearly an externality in this context. The actions of others affect us and they are not negatively compensated. If we look at current situation there is an extremely strong relationship between crime and education. Well at least for three reasons Pure human capital motive education related to income, and people with higher income have less incentive to commit crime. Direct schooltime effect classes makes students smarter so reali ze that crime doesnt pay at all. Opportunity cost of time students are busy at faculty so actually in other words have less time to commit crime.Escalating expenditure for public higher education has ked the government to adopt a cost-sharing system in which students and parents lift and increasing share of the costs. The MARA financial aid intention was converted in January 1998 to a 100% loan scheme except for loans given out under the Excellent Student Scheme. The National Higher Education Fund Corporation (PTPTN) was established for the purpose of offering subsidized loans to help students meet the costs of enrolling a local higher education institution.It is also designed to ensure that there would be loans available for Malays to afford both public and private higher education so that the targeted ethnic composition of enrolment in higher education is maintained.THE DEBATE TOWARDS GOVERNMENT SUBSIDYWhen the government is in the business of handing out capital, interest gro ups lobby to get it, or advocate receiving more(prenominal) than they are already getting. So, it is with spending on higher education. everywhere the long run, the financing for those areas has increased dramatically. Taxpayers should be skeptical of the current reasons for subsidizing universities further. There are few arguments are dubious for five main reasons stated beneath in regards with government subsidy related to university fees. It can be elaborate and debate as the followingThere is no link between higher education subsidies and economic growth, and none between universities or college degrees and railway line creation. Malaysia has spent a much higher proportion of personal income on federal official and state government to support for higher education. States with a higher proportion of university and college graduates do not necessarily grow by adding more college degrees. For now, the country is currently experiencing a rather worrying unemployment especially among young graduates. Excess of the graduates is unable to meet domestic open vacancy in any sector since most of them are experiencing the freezing phase of job vacancy. Thus its shows there are no linkage at all between higher education qualifications with job vacancies. indirectly it could not keep the countrys parsimony.More subsidies equals to more waste. The number of academicians, staff, administrators and service staff at all 20 universities and 6 university colleges increased at a immediate rate than full-time equivalent students over the analogous time period. At the same time, the compensation for the average employees increased too for sure. Colleges set tuition rank relative to supply and demand, but the government subsidies distort this process and inflate the cost. Thats why private universities such as Sunway International College and Lim Kok Wing University which attain no government funding, do a much better job at keeping down the cost oftuition.At the prese nt time the federal government already spends billions of dollars subsidizing universities, whether it is money for Lecturers salaries, buildings, or the millions of dollars provided for research. The cost of classes and tuition picks up only small portion of the tab. Aside from that, there are many people who do not deserve or would not make the best of the education provided. Scholarships and government grants are available for people who have worked hard and earned the opportunity, but to hand it over to everyone for free are insane.When comparing earning power between college graduates and non-graduates, correlation is not causation, and the actual cost of universities or collage matters. Proponents of more funding for higher education almost always cite the same statistic as their main point Overall, universities and college graduates tend to make more money in their lifetime than those without a degree. But this assumes that the degree caused the higher earnings, rather than t he fact that those who complete college are already more likely to be financially successful whether they attend university or not.The common figure cited is that a college degree is worth MYR1 million over the lifetime of a worker. Besides ignoring the point above, this is a poor exercise in statistics. The number is arrived at by winning the difference between the average pay of a university and college graduate and the average pay of a non-universities and college graduate and multiplying it over a 40-year career.First, that only tells us what the average is today, not what the actual future earnings are. Second, this assumes that all universities and college degrees have the same value. For example, it assumes that a Bachelor of Arts in art history is the same as a Bachelor of Science in quantum physics. Most significantly, it ignores many important factors taxes, the real salary data of todays graduates, the opportunity cost of going to college (how much someone would earn dur ing those years in school), the fact that enormous proportions of students starts school and do not finish, and, mostimportantly, student loan debt.Keep in mind that government may be funding someones desire to paint or be involved in the arts which do not advance society enough to unloosen the cost. Perhaps if everyone were taking physics, biology, or computer sciences in order to contribute in a meaningful way post grad it would be a different story. Also the amount of people in college is at the highest its ever been. In fact a BA or BS degree is essentially required now for low level jobs and a Masters or Doctorate is needed to advance up the ladder.Ensuring that everyone has university or college schooling would not enhance the labor market it would dilute a university degree. The assumption among many is that every career should require a higher education. This belief leads to subsidies for subjects with little practicality in the work soldiers and areas where a student may be better off doing an apprenticeship or working for four years than attending more school. Pushing for everyone to go to universities or college does not automatically make those students university-ready it lowers the overall standards of higher education. This has led to a high dropout rate, more repeated classes for those in school and an explosion of peripheral subjects in which many degree-holders are forced to work outside that field because of a lack of demand. In short, incentivizing degrees students do not ever use.Higher education may be the next bubble to burst. Much like the housing bubble, higher education is fueled by government subsidies, publicly-backed loans and incentives that say everyone should be doing something. late tuition costs have risen steeply well above inflation while colleges compete to expand into areas outside of their main purpose and taking on more debt to do so. At the same time, competition from other sectors, like online education, offer che aper alternatives to the bread-and-butter of university academia.It is important for citizens to be educated, both to learn a job and to better be able to respond to a changing marketplace. But there is a difference between education and schooling. Spending more money to sendpeople to get a specific number of degrees at a specific institution is different from education. Education comes in the form of apprenticeships, pile schools and time on the job learning.And education is something you cant force on someone else. Just putting someone in college does make force them to learn anything. Education is a personal matter, and more subsidies will only influence a persons decision to learn or not to learn at the barest of margins. Higher education can build new skills, enhance old ones and show prospective employers that students are able to put in the time to earn a degree. But the value of a degree varies by the institution, the cost, the time and the subject.From an individuals pers pective, private universities and colleges may be worth the cost. But for a growing number, its not. And government subsidies, where political incentives trump market realities, only worsen that problemCONCLUSIONEducation issues remain an important priority in developing countries. Because resources are limited and ensuring adequate allocation is a struggle for many countries including Malaysia itself. The delivery of educational services has become a challenge. Malaysia, like other countries in Southeast Asia, faces similar challenges in ensuring the allocation of appropriate funding for efficient and equitable educational services in order to promote access to quality education for all social groups.While Malaysia faces many challenges amid rapid global chances, we can draw on a number of strengths and unique advantages as we take purposeful policy actions to move forward. Education is not preparation for life education is a life by itself. From the job market to tertiary educatio n, from UPSR to A-Levels, Education in Malaysia focuses on bringing us the latest news and analysis on our nations best bet on the future.The future earnings of the individual typically constitute an adequate return on the gross investment in obtaining higher education. Moreover, providingsubsidy university and college education to all is a rather inefficient way to serve the interest of poor students since a large proportion of students who acquire higher education come from relatively prosperous families.Raising demand for higher education and the need to produce a critical mass of highly educated and skilled workers for a knowledge economy has led to the massification of Malaysian higher education. However, escalating higher public education expenditure led the government to adopt a cost sharing system where students and parents shoulder and increasing share of the cost for acquiring a higher education.

The Role and Importance of the International Law in World Politics Essay Example for Free

The Role and Importance of the outside(a) Law in World Politics EssayInternational justness has been of increasing interest to scholars in recent decades, following s foreveral incidents that have severely challenged the concepts of how multinational order, peace, harmony, and justice between nations and states are maintained through the masking of an supranational system of rules and sanctions. (Huysmans, 2006 Slaughter, 1993,1995 Nijman, 2007 Stahn, 2007 Goddard Nexon, 2005) One of the most significant events was the 9-11 Twin Towers attack in the Unites States, which precluded renewed aggression on the Middle East, particularly Iraq and Afghanistan, and all different states considered to be aligned with the axis of evils or coddlers of religious and ideological extremism. The actions of the United States and its allies, particularly the attack on Afghanistan, deprived of international consensus, have understandably elevated questions about the relevance of internationa l legality, the legitimacy of torture, justification for pre-emptive use of military force, the rise of U.S. unilateralism, a crisis of the United Nations, etc. (Huysmans, 200612) In the same manner, this has encouraged some scholars to study how power constrains international law (or dooms it to irrelevance), how the goodly can harness international law to their ends, and how international law may reconfigure power in its avow right. (Steinberg Zasloff, 200664) The increased concern over the importance of international law has likewise gained more impetus as the world entered the era of globalization. Indeed, in no new(prenominal) time has the need for laws with global scope become more paramount as in the information age, when the rise of transnational crime syndicates as the subscribe consequence of a better global information net usage and communications infrastructure, as well as the widely changing norms and perceptions of many cultures (Bentivegna, 2006 341) has force d countries to work in untraditional ways to confront challenges and formulate solutions.It is in that respectfore not surprising for the debates over the significance of international law be centred upon what an increasing descend of scholars and critics have called the political science of international insecurity, which brings to the fore the problems on the conceptualization of the international legal infrastructure and the enforcement of its rules and sanctions.International Law, Politics, and PowerThe discourse of international law and its enforcement is unavoidably a discourse of semi semipolitical power and its outcomes in the international terrain. In its inception and early stages, however, it was not recognized in its inception and early increment that the two had a dialectical relationship, or indeed, that international law enforced and reinforced world politics in the same way that the latter impact the way the international system of policies and sanctions was structured. Doubtless, there remains a strong consensus today that the actually nature of international law is rooted on its dialectical relationship with the political motivations, behavioral patterns and concepts of identity of states. However, in order to determine the extent to which international law remains an important influence in the conduct of world politics, it would be beneficial to examine the development of the concept of international law with respect to its historical and sociological framework. While it may be conceded that there are diverging opinions on the role of international lawor of its consequence, if at allon international relations, the fact remains that it is presently dynamical today than any new(prenominal) time in history although the reason for its existence has been very much contested. The classic notion of international law fake that governing states was as easy as governing people, with its basic assumptions moored on the belief in the peoples and states, for that matterability to comply with rules and regulations. Underlying this belief was a concept of people as being inherently conformist based on a fixed set of norms that were universally accepted, largely influenced by those who believed in the rationality of law in the governance of societies which stipulated that legal rules and institutions did not arise out of the power of the coercive state but, rather, out of custom, consensus, and private ordering. (Steinberg Zasloff, 200666)International law was therefore optimistic in the outset, with the notion of its power perceived to be a function more of self-regulation among states rather than a product of force or coercion. An another(prenominal) important assumption was of international laws being a neutral, apolitical avenue in which to settle international disputes owing to its detachment from the sphere of politics. (Steinberg Zasloff, 2006 67)The rise of fascism, however, provided enough reason for a change in viewpoint. At the heart of this was the growing recognition that international law was useless if it had no power at all to stop the aggressive tendencies of some statesor if did not present itself as a threat enough to be suitable to effectively police nations. Hence, there was an increased popularization and acceptance of the argument that international law cannot be separated from the discourse of politics and of the multiplicity of political agendas within the international community. Scholars such as Morgenthau (1959502), for instance, suggested that universal moral principles, such as justice and equality, are capable of guiding political action merely to the extent that they have been given concrete content and have been related to political situations by society.This mirrored the general attitude of realists, who argued that international law could ever play more than an epiphenomenal role in the ordering of international life. (Slaughter-Burley, 1993206) Such an asserti on stemmed from the core belief of the realists that international law merely reflected the interests of powerful states, (Steinberg Zasloff, 2006 67) which encouraged some scholars of the realist tradition to assert that international law was inconsequential as it was beholden to the powerful and could be bent to suit the interests of powerful nations. (Slaughter, 19951 Kocs, 1994) Morgenthau (1967), for instance, illustrated how the issue of intervention into sovereign states, which was declared unacceptable by the international law, was often violated by powerful entities acting for the preservation of their interests, which suggested that economic and political imbalances in the worldwhere the richer economies were able to influence the political and legal structure and framework of the developing world by dangling foreign aidmake the international law inutile in reflecting the interests of the poor and the rich on an equal scale.There have been departures to these beliefs, nat urally, as new criticisms emerged from the constructivist camp which argued that interests and identities were inseparable from kind groups and as such, international law both reflects and reinforces identities and interests. (Steinberg Zasloff, 2006 82) Constructivists underlined the role of norms, identities and other socio-cultural phenomena in international politics, (Goddard Nexon, 2005 29) which assert that like cultural symbols, norms and identities in international law and politics are constantly created and recreated by its actors. (Kocs, 1994) Therefore, the role of the international law and its influence on the behavior of sovereign states is mediated upon by the prevailing beliefs and concepts of order, justice and peace.The predicament of Hegemonic Power Challenges to International LawThus, the central role of international law in the world, today when violent conflicts and inequalities have sharply divided the world, has transformed into that of an remainder of po wer, an expectation that is held by every individual and every society that ascribes to and believes in the tenets of democracy.The international law, through the international court, also functions as a last repository of justice for societies, and is instrumental in providing elusive justice to victims of human rights violations by despotic leaders and to victims of war atrocities that otherwise could not have sought damages from the domestic courts of their countries. (Stahn 2007) Whether the international law has been able to live up to these expectations is another matter, of course, and lately the power of the international law itself to maintain peace among states has been gravely challenged. after(prenominal) the Second World War the United States emerged as the new superpower, which would give the realists their bases for attacking the role of international law other than in maintaining the interests of the status quo. incidental events that unfolded in history, from th e Gulf War to the war on Afghanistan and the prolonged occupation of Iraq on the ground that it was harboring nuclear armaments have further highlighted the crises of the ability of international institutions such as the United Nations to enforce the international law. Another damning issue is the global climate change and the starkly bullheaded position of the United States and other developed countries on not signing the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gases emission which puts the whole world at more peril than the nuclear armaments supposedly kept by North Korea and Iran that the U.S. has been keen on decimating.These events have therefore raised the questions of whether the U.N. and the international law are, as suggested by the realist camp, prevailed upon by powerful states so that these states are able to enjoy an exceptionality when it comes to demanding compliance by the international community. In the same manner, recent events such as the Iraq War which the U.S. has failed to justify based on the context of abating a clear and present danger, and despite the absence of consent from the international security council to launch the attack, have highlighted the gross imbalance of power that undermines the very existence of the international court as a mediating body in transnational conflicts. This is unfortunate indeed not only for the people of Iraq and Afghanistan for all other peoples in the developing world as the current stance of the U.S. and other powerful countries not only tramples upon the very foundations of the international law but sets a dangerous precedent to ignore the rules set upon by the international community. Likewise, it presents a cause with which other countries may willfully violate the sovereignty of others regardless of international laws and based only on its perceptions of insecurity. It is in this context that the role of international law must be evaluated upon, on whether it has balanced out the capabilities of d emocratic societies to immerse in fruitful relationships based on critical partnerships, or it has one-sidedly benefited the more powerful to the detriment of the weak, which it has, in recent years, appeared to be more and more given to do so.Works CitedBentivegna, S. (2006) Rethinking politics in the world of ICTs. European Journal of Communication, 21(3).Huysmans, J. (2006). International politics of insecurity Normativity, inwardness, and the exception. Security Dialogue, 37(1)11-29.Goddard, S.E. D.H. Nexon (2005). Paradigm lost? Reassessing speculation of international politics. European Journal of International Relations, 11(1)9-61.Kocs, S.A. (1994). Explaining the strategic behavior of states International law as system structure. International Studies Quarterly, 38(4)535-556.Morgenthau, H.J. (1959). Dilemmas of Politics. International personal business (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 35(4). 502.Morgenthau, H.J. (1967) To intervene or not to intervene. Foreign Affairs, 45(3) 425-36.Nijman, J.E. (2007). Paul Ricoeur and international law Beyond the end of the subject towards a reconceptualization of international legal personality. Leiden Journal of International Law, 20 25-64.Stahn, C. (2007). The international criminal court and the shortcomings of domestic legislation Introductory note. Leiden Journal of International Law, 20 165-166.Slaughter-Burley, A.M. (1993). International law and international relations theory A dual agenda. The American Journal of International Law, 87(2) 205-239.Slaughter, A.M. (1995). International law in a world of liberal states. EJIL, 6 1-39.Steinberg, R.H. J.M. Zasloff (2006). Power and international law. The American Journal of International Law, 100(1)64-87.

Digital Forensic Methodology and Strategy

Digital Forensic Methodology and StrategyIntroductionDigital forensic can be described as the cyber guarantor mostly utilize to secure to identify, preserve, break up and present digital entropy point in the manner it will be leg onlyy accepted in each legal process. Digital forensic is mostly applied in recovering that involves investigation of materials on a digital media platform and network. (Britz, 2013 ) This forensic uses the system of scientific research where the distinguish is mostly grounded on the fields of forensic science. The certification of the forensic science requires a code of conduct of neutral and mightily approaches to examinations. This digital forensic has a good history since it was discovered by the original people who saw the engage to protect the information in any digital gadget. It is estimated to be over 40 years old with the first gadget making the first show up around 1970. This was due to a demand make by the community to the motor hotel of law.The first claim was about finance which was done using a com upchucker. The hackers employ the computer to appropriate money hence there was a need to come up with a strategy. The hacking does not only involve stealing but to a fault acquire access of the information from a computer without the authority from the owner. In 1980s, training courses for digital forensic were developed aimed at equipping the learner with the knowledge of forensics. Organizations such as Certified Fraud Examiners, High Technology Crime Investigational Associations (HTCIA) among other digital forensic companies were formed to deal with those frauds. (Britz, Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime, 2010) Currently, there are so many courses in the universities to offer degrees in the fields such as computer forensics and also digital investigations.In those early days, forensic tools like mace and Norton came up with the basic resurgence abilities such as unformat and undelete, the investigation was under individual stationed in a specific workstation. (Janczewski, 2010) Today some software run through been formed to do the same and effectively. Government has come up with the standardization of the same as from 1984. On the same year, the FBI came up with a structured body, computing device Analysis Response Team (CART), assigned with the responsibility of examining the evidence as per the law.Digital forensic methodologyObtaining authorization for investigation.There first methods involve acquire authority so as one can start the investigation. This is so because nobody can allow one to enter into another(prenominal) without licence, once the permission is granted, the investigations kick off. The person mandate to do the investigation must be experienced with the full knowledge of the forensic investigation and examining. The investigation will be carried out clearly and the fraud should be met and amended. The investigator also is expected to use the current methods of digital forensic due to rapid growth in the technology, meaning advanced methods should apply.Determining evidence locationsAfter investigation, the investigator will provide the evidence locations. This means that the investigator will determine where the location at which the fraud has occurred, then go to those places and find out what might have happened. Different locations will contain different kinds of frauds this will lead to different kinds of locations. (Dawson, 2015) all(prenominal) evidence will also contain different measure of resolving it. Digital forensic differ from one country to another and the measure assureed to deal with such frauds is still different. The evidence depending on the location will also entail different kind of data which will call for a specific way of investigating it. The location also will contain different kind of population which will mean that that population has a original way of dealing with the forensic frauds.Determining and confir ming techniques to find and interpret significant dataIn this method, the investigator is required to validate techniques to find and interpret significant data. There are so many techniques used to determine find data and consequently interpret the same data. Some techniques used are, histogram, stochastic number generation, descriptive statistics and many others. When the data has been found, then it is interpreted using different methods. The forensic data will differ from one fraud to another and also from one location to the next. The collected data which is well analyzed will give the best result.Summarize and provide explanation of conclusionsAfter doing all what is required, the data summarized and the conclusion is provided. The investigator of the fraud makes the explanation and it should be correct without any mistake to avoid wrong conclusion. Depending on the nature of the fraud, the explanation given(p) should provide a clear answer of what might have gone wrong. (Gl adyshev, 2015) The data must be given correctly for the future reference if need be. As per the client, the explanation can be taken to the court of law alongside the sampled data as the evidence.The importance of using forensic tools to collect and analyze evidence.Many organizations have adopted forensic tools and have achieved many things. Forensic tools have collected protected and analyzed digital evidence and applied it where applicable. toilet be in legal matters, disciplinary matters or even in employment tribunals. The forensic tools have been serviceable in the following circumstancesIt has been useful in disputed transactions in an organization.Widely used in allegations pertaing to employee misconductUsed to show legal and regulatory complianceWidely used in a court of law to assist in law enforcement investigationsSupporting insurance claims when a loss occurs in an organization.It is a tool to picture disclosure requirement in civil claims.Hashing in the context of digital forensicsHash cheers are used in cases of the electronic evidence. Mostly used in the examination of process of computer forensics. The chop values are used to make sure that the original copy is not altered. During the process, an image is made of the original. (Bossler, 2014) The original stern drive will be taken as a hash value also. The examination is done before the hash value is taken. In the case where the values are the same the copy is treated as the original while where the values are different, then the copy is put in a question. As the examination is concluded, a third value s commonly taken. The three hash values which include, original hard drive, imaged hard drive before the examination and imaged hard drive after the examination, must match. Again the hash values can be used in the court of law to validate evidencesIn another circumstances hash value can be used in discovery process. The discovery process where the hash value has been mostly applied is in court of law.How do you ensure that the evidence collected has not been tampered with (i.e., after collection)?Avoid contamination of the data- the specimen /data collected should be original and not contaminated with other materials. (DeFranco, 2014)Handle appropriately-make sure that the data collected is packed, stored and ferried correctly.Label accurately-the evidence collected should be label correctly to avoid confusion such that even if there can be any claim, it can be clearly produced.Ensure total security- the evidence which has been collected should be secure and tamper proofMaintain continuity-handling of the evidence should be recorded, also when the evidence pass from one person to another should also be recorded, this maintenance will ensure that the evidence is purely maintained.Why and how is this important to prove in a court of law?The collected data as per the explanation above is original. It can be proven in the court of law because there will be a full evid ence that the evidence was well maintained.ReferencesBossler, A. M. (2014). Cybercrime and digital forensics an introduction. New York Routledge.Britz, M. (2013 ). Computer forensics and cyber crime an introduction . Boston Pearson.Britz, M. (2010). Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime. Berlin Springe.Dawson, M. (2015). New threats and countermeasures in digital crime and cyber terrorism . Hershey An rilievo of IGI Globa.DeFranco, J. F. ( 2014). What every engineer should know about cyber security and digital forensics. Boca Raton CRC Press.Gladyshev, P. (2015). Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime . Heidelberg Springer.Janczewski, L. (2010). Cyber warfare and cyber terrorism. Hershey Information Science Reference.

The management approach of the Compstat model

The management approach of the Compstat assumeThe law of nature department of New York has integrated the Compstat model, which is a management approach that uses computer technology to arrive up offence occurrences and serve up legal philosophy officers identify the aras that ar most vulnerable to criminal subroutineivities. At the same time, the model is useful in examining contemporary crime patterns, and aims at maximizing resources available to the guard officers in their fight against crime. According to Vito, Walsh, Kunselman (2004), Compstat (Computerized Statistics) is a goal orientated strategic management process that uses reading technology, operational strategy, and managerial accountability to control crime and guard neighborhoods, (p.1).There are four main principles of the Compstat model. The first one outlines the contain for the practice of law to harbor in good time, correct information on crime occurrences. In this role, police personnel perform crime analysis, that is, they identify the nature of the crime, the offender, the time of offense, and how the offender intends to carry it out. To achieve this, police personnel write reports on a weekly basis, giving statistical information on the admits and summons they withstand gull during the week, complaints they have received from the public concerning crime, crucial cases and the crime trends they have observed. The head of the Compstat Unit is in charge of receiving the weekly reports and saving them in a database. With the help of these reports, police officers can make comparisons between trends in crime and identify similarities as vigorous as differences, and the most appropriate strategies to address these.The second fraction requires that the police employ releaseable strategies based on the in branchigence they have, to prevent and solve crimes. In this instance, they identify which crimes and crime zones need quick intervention and make these their priority. At the same time, the police assess the available strategies in terms of their short and semipermanent effectiveness, as well as involve other groups, which are non necessarily police agencies. For instance, they involve religious, educational institutions, entrepreneurs, local government authorities and the community. The third element prescribes fast mobilization of material, financial and personnel resources to take the crime patterns. This is because the model can identify potential crime situations in an area, even before the residents alert the police on their suspicions. The fourth element demands imperfect judgment of police personnel, departments, and material resources in enunciate to ensure that crime trends flinch. Performance appraisals are possible through reports that capture the profiles of each commander of police and these enable the other police officers to compare their own performance with that of their heads. With correct implementation, the Compstat appr oach can aid government authorities to assess police departments and make up ones mind for the improper use of material and financial resources, as well as poor performance.The other two principles of the Compstat model require that the police operate on clear objectives in their fight against crime and each officer is responsible for the overall success of the police surprise in reducing crime pass judgment. The members of the police force should be aware of the goals they intend to achieve and these must at the same time, be attainable within the stipulated period. Goals dictate the rating of the performance of police personnel, depending on whether they have achieved them. The chieftain as well as the commanders of various police agencies at that placefore have the responsibility of communicating clear and precise book of instructions to their subjects, in order to ensure that the latter achieve the desired performance. This explains why there is need for regular briefs amo ng the police force in order to equip them with the necessary information on what their leaders expect of them.On a short-term basis, the Compstat model aims at reducing crime rates, while its long-term objective is to create a permanent change in the community and improve peoples lives by ensuring a safe environment. The measures to assess the effectiveness of the model on short-term basis would include examining weekly reports on the crimes occurring, in order to establish whether there are fewer or more offenses each day. semipermanent effectiveness measures would involve the analysis of crime trends over a period such as a number of years, in order to establish whether the crime rates have gone down. At the same time, the weekly meetings to review crime reports provide forums to assess whether the police departments are making progress in reducing crime rates. These meetings on performance appraisal of police personnel serve both the immediate and long-term goals of the Compstat model. This is because if appraisals indicate that, some of the members of the force are not successful in reducing crime over a given period, the chief may take action such as re- requireing, retrenchment, or shifting to another department.The model is advantageous in that it promotes a consultative process in decision-making. It enhances intelligence sharing among the police officers and departments, accountability as well as coordination and a team spirit. This is possible through the meetings involving all levels of management. In addition, seeks to enable the police maximize the available resources in their fight against crime. Moreover, holding either member of the force accountable for its success in fighting crime ensures that each plays his or her role, and that there is no blame game when results are not forthcoming.In addition, ensuring timely and correct information on potential crime zones enables the police to act swiftly to prevent criminal activities. This is becau se they are aware of what is mishap on the ground. At the same time, they are able to develop the right strategies and response to the crime trends they have already identified. This increases their chances of success rather than in cases where they act after crisis. The Compstat approach to management promotes the belief that the police force is able to lower crime rates through employing the right strategies. Promoting continuous performance appraisal based on weekly reports enables the police force to establish its strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, it stops police to involve the community and other stakeholders in the fight against crime. This shows that the police are not working alone and are committed to ensuring a safe environment for all.On the other hand, the Compstat model has some disadvantages. One limitation of this model is that it is uncorrectable to assess its success. When crime rates reduce, it is hard for police officers to attribute this phenomenon only to t he model. On the other hand, when the crime rates stagnate or increase, it is difficult to tell whether fall inure lies only in the implementation of the models principles. Moreover, the Compstat model is susceptible to role by police officers. For instance, due to pressure to reduce crime rates, they may fail to keep reports of crimes in order to give a false impression of less crime occurrences in a given area. At the same time, police officers may use their subjective judgments to declare some crimes as minor, and therefore of less significance, in order to reduce the statistics on the major crimes.This sort of manipulation of statistics allow for therefore give a false impression of progress in reduction of significant crimes. Similarly, communities whose crime rate reports show that the police have made progress in averting crimes, pass on receive less financial, material and personnel resources than those where the crime rates are still high. In case these reports are fals e, this implies that such communities will suffer more from crime because the police will attend to them less. In addition, since evaluation of the performance of police personnel depends for the most part on the crime rate reports, members of the force are likely to manipulate these, in order to give a false impression of their success in fighting crime. Consequently, the performance appraisals will be faulty, given that their bases are not accurate. At the same time, there is a possibility of awarding ineffective police personnel, rather than those who deserve merit. This is because the ineffective members can manipulate crime reports to favor them, and they will get acknowledgment.As part of the implementation of the Compstat model, the chief of police will have to take other measures. These include having the current police force undergo refresher courses on crime cake and at the same time, recruit, and train new officers in order to have sufficient and qualified personnel to serve the community. Police officers will also require training on the Compstat model in order to understand its functioning and crime analysis so that they are able to filter intelligence in an accurate manner. In this case, the chief will need to seek budgetary support from the government and non-governmental organizations. Apart from monetary aid, the chief will require the government to see to it that unemployment rates reduce through the creation of jobs. This is because crime rates tend to increase with high unemployment rates, as people have to find ways to feed themselves and their families. If they do not have jobs, they are likely to engage in criminal behavior such as theft and murder in order to earn a living.Another intervention required will be the integration of other police departments, such as traffic police, crime detectives, and forensic experts into the crime prevention department. This will assist in spreading crime prevention to other areas and increase the sco pe of operation of the model. At the same time, the chief will need to appoint commanders at different levels in order to ensure that there is decentralization of the decision-making process. He will also create meeting rooms to allow for roundtable discussion sessions, as these are more likely to enhance the participation of all the police personnel in decisions concerning strategies to fight crime. Moreover, the chief will have to lay down the protocols that his officers will follow in the convening of briefings and other meetings as well as reporting procedures. This will ensure that there is no conflict in the lines of command because the police officers will be aware of to whom they should report.Since the Compstat model requires the use of technology, the chief will need to see to it that the police department has sufficient computer equipment as well as the necessary software programs such as systems to aid in identifying crime-prone areas, and databases to record crime occur rences. At the same time, a police website may be necessary to enhance community policing. This will enable the flow of information on crime rates from the public to the police, as well as reports from the latter to the community. In addition, the chief will need to ensure that the police officers clear any pending warrants of arrest and make the community aware that the force will not tolerate even the minor crimes. In this case, the chief will need to organize the force to carry out awareness initiatives among themselves and in the community.In conclusion, the chief can still adopt the Compstat model and modify it to suit the needs of his police department. He does not have to copy the model of the New York police department, because the situational needs of his department and that of the former are likely to be different. This is because the approach outlines only the sanctioned principles of management that the police force and other organizations need to follow to achieve the intended objectives. Its intent is to serve as a guide to managerial principles and not to provide a dogmatic approach to the running of organizations. The model is therefore flexible, and police personnel can adopt different strategies to fight crime, based on the needs of the community they are serving. According to the models principles, they will only need to ensure that they choose strategies that are efficient for the crimes they target. Consequently, the model is suitable and can work even in small law enforcement agencies.

Racism and Social Prejudice Reflection Paper

Racism and Social Prejudice Reflection PaperRacismRacism announces to social blemish against someone based on their skin color. It is a belief that members of a particular race possess certain qualities, characteristics and abilities in order to distinguish them as every superior or inferior to other races. I was born in Southern Kuwaiti. I was raised up in the slums in the outskirts of the city. I did not attend school. I spent such(prenominal)(prenominal) of my life on the looking up to the passers-by for food and other necessities. It was during this period as I strolled up and down the streets when I heard someone refer to me as a bidoon.I barely understood what this symbolizet. Each twenty-four hours I would not comprehend the reason my parents could not own and possess the land. I as well as noticed that majority of my neighbors had the same cultural practices similar us, they dressed like me. Moreover, the majority of the children in the neighborhood did not attend sc hool like me. We spent most of our days and time in the streets borrowing food and money from the strangers.The term bidoon became more than and more familiar to my ears each day. At 16, I had grown sick and tired of other kids laughing and giggling at me in the streets. While we remained stranded and misplaced in the streets, they seemed to be in a come apart position, always smiling and more comfortable than me. The curiosity to ask my parents wherefore I did not attend school grew each day. Besides, I always wondered why I did not do the privilege to dress up smartly like the rest of the kids and grown ups on the streets. Furthermore, I realized each day that there was a big disparity between me and them. I realized that there existed none of the Arabian people in my neighborhood. Majority of us were entirely not of Arabian origin. Besides, I did not know why addressed me differently. Each day, something different was always coming up.Also, I realized that we were residing o n the little privileged side of the city. Food was a problem, I had no access to clean water and sanitation. At the age of 20, life here had become more and more compelling. My parents were growing older each day and providing for my siblings and I was becoming more cumbersome. I felt compelled to move to the streets in search of a business opportunity. However, my parents would not allow me to. With persistence, he later explained to me that since we were not Arabs, life here was becoming more and more unfavourable. I realized that my parents had still not obtained their realization documents. It had become difficult for them to acquire Kuwait citizenship. This is because, we were not Arabians. I realized that only people of the Arabian origin were more privileged to be heavy Kuwait citizens.Besides, it came to my attention that only those who acquired citizenship had more legal rights. They could access education, better health care, and better living conditions unlike me. I n ow realized why I had spent my entire childhood roaming around the streets. This had all been because we were not legally recognized as Kuwaiti citizens. Besides, majority of the people who reveled better well-mannered rights were the Arabians. Living with this form of ethnical discrimination each day now fully dawned onto me. Again, I found that the traditional word I had heard,bidoon referred to me, the non-Arabian. It was used to mean I was stateless. That is why I lived in the outskirts of the city. In the slums where housing, sanitation and even food were a problem. My human rights were violated.Despite my parents restrictions, at the age of 22, I persistently went out to the streets. My key interest was on following up why all this prejudice on ethnicity and race was being carried on. It later came to my attention that, check to the Kuwaiti constitution, the nationality act, put in place various classes of citizens. I realised that there was a class of those referred to as ancient Kuwaitis(Walcott345-370) and others as naturalized citizens. quaint Kuwaitis were definitely the Arabs, or those of Arabic origin. These were the ones who had full political rights. The naturalized Kuwaitis were I and the rest of us who were not of Arabian origin despite having grown up in Kuwaiti for the longest period.Living with this traumatising prejudice each day was difficult. It got worse when I discovered it was constitutionally stated. Each day of being a bidoon was a reality. It was distinctly clear that the human rights of the Bidoons like I were being violated and it was constitutionally acceptable. Moreover, I could frequently hear people identifying themselves as either Article-1-citizens,Article-3-citizens(Walcott,450-500) and many others. I later became curious on why it was not legal for me to participate in the democratic process.I was left out. This is because I could only enjoy the privilege of voting after thirty years. This is because I was not an arc hetype Kuwaiti citizen since I was an alien in the land. Besides, neither was I descendant of an original Kuwaiti by blood (Welbon,345-400). I was simply an alien. I had to live with the pain of my rights being violated for the longest period possible. Besides, I realized that it was also constitutionally acceptable that the Nationality Act gave preferential consideration to people of Arab origin to bidoons.Bidoons acquired citizenship through naturalization. I realized that despite the detail that this is legal as per the Kuwaiti constitution, it is a violation of the Kuwaits treaty duties.I later on sought to discover the origin of statelessness in the country. I discovered that this resulted from the fact that many had failed to acquire citizenship at independence hence could not be identified as Kuwait citizens after independence(Welbon,345-400). I however realised that the perspective worsened over time because, rules guiding citizenship had become more vigilant overtime. I c learly understood why I had not attended school. I was a child to the bidoons (Welbon,345-400).I also realised that my parents could not have secured employed anywhere because of the strict rules that had been enforced to govern the bidoons.moreover, throughout I had had no access to medical care because I was the child of abidoon.The worse got to worst in the 1990s, when Iraq invaded Kuwait. The bidoons had to forcefully join the army. If not so, imprisonment or remainder sentence. I lived under the threat and fear of imprisonment. I had to join the Iraq military(Welbon,345-400) to avoid facing any of the above threats, However this was viewed as a betrayal by Kuwait government. Hence upon liberation in 1991, the other bidoons and I were persecuted. Besides, the rest of my colleagues who had somehow managed to secure jobs were dismissed and denied pay. I had to live with the anger and agony of this prejudice each day ever since.What seems more sympathetic is the fact that each day , the state of prejudice against the non-Arabs worsened. I could not have access to necessary documents such as birth, death or marriage certificates (Wen and Tarn, 100-134). I still remain without any identification documents to this day. Travels across the border have become difficult. I am faced with the option of leaving the country if only never to come back. As the 21st century dawned, there was hope for legal action put into concern our grievances however, there is no political will. Instead, I have to live with the fear of eviction. This involves signing affidavits that I am a foreigner. This grants me a residence earmark of five years.I have had to bribe the authorities for simple favours such as traveling across the borders. Entire life seems to be limited in a cocoon of things that revolve around insecurity. The fear of eviction from the state you have been at for many years and lack of access to essential facilities such as medical care was more than enough for me to b ear (Wen and Tarn,100-134). The state of insecurity and persecution was incredible this is all I have had to live with. Racism and ethnicity have been key in deterring fundamental progress in my life.BibliographyPechenizkiy, Mykola. Racism in Arabian Countries. (2006) 126. Print.Ravi, Jayashree, Zhifeng Yu, and Weisong Shi. A Survey Racism and Ethinicity in Kuwait . (2009) 943960. Web. 30 Jan. 2014.Spruyt, Charline. Changing Concepts of Racism in Arabian countries . (2011) 1129. Print.Welbon, By Guy. IN. 3138. Print.Wen, H Joseph, and Jyh-horng Michael Tarn. racism,1998,USA,print

William Faulkner’s Barn Burning: Abner Snopes Character Analysis Essay

William Faulkners short story Barn Burning describes a typical relationship between wealthy people and poor people during the Civil War. The main character, Abner Snopes, sharecrops to make a living for his family. He despises wealthy people. aside of resentment for wealthy people, he burns their barns to get revenge. Abners character over the course of the story is unchanging in that he is cold hearted, lawless, and violent.First, Abners unchanging character shows his cold heartedness. After being sentenced to leave the country for burning a mans barn, he shows no emotions to his family. During the story, there was not a time when he apologized or offered a word of encouragement to them. His tone of voice when talking to them is bitter and bossy, and he never said give thanks you. Later in the story after they had arrived at their next house, he orders his wife, her sister and his two daughters to unload the wagon. He walks with his son to DeSpains house where he entered without given permission, and proceeded to wipe his feet that was covered with horse manure, thus staining the rug. Abner moves through life with no regard for his fellow humans and with no respect for their reform to material possessions (731). After being told to clean the rug, Abner took a rock and further ruined it. His coldness is shown when he demands his two daughters to clean the rug in pots of lye and then(prenominal) hanging it to dry. Later in the evening Abner calls his son to get to retur...