Compare the ways in which each author Essay

â€Å"With the deep, unconscious sigh which not even the nearness of the telescreen could prevent him from uttering when his days work started. † In part two Winston’s love for Julia develops and his partaking in the resistance against Big Brother increases. Winston explores new emotions of love, however, we sense their failure through capture, as other party members must notice the rebellion. Part three is Winston’s punishment from his capture, where he receives a broken spirit. Both part two and three mimic each other through cause and effect as Winston’s party life develops. You can witness the change in the character by comparing the previous quotation with this example from part two, which has a cheerful tone. â€Å"The relief of seeing her was so great that he could not resist staring directly at her for several seconds† During Orwell’s structure there is no sense of time, where one day begins and ends, this is the opposite to ‘The Handmaids Tale’ because her sections are split into the structure of time but not the date. One opinion of ‘The Handmaids Tale’ is that it is a feminist novel. Critics say the women in this novel are as in today’s society, â€Å"treated as property and not human beings†. I agree with that this novel contains many feminist concerns. However personally I have not had the experience of feminism like Atwood has, so I do not believe that the majority of women are treated badly in today’s society. When Orwell’s 1984 was first released some critics read it as a negative view of the Soviet Union, this lead communists to believe that Orwell had distorted the publics view the unions achievements. In my opinion, readers may have over reacted, although I believe that Orwell wanted to draw attention to the society around him and how it could develop if no one unattended the problem. Each author’s background influenced their writings of their dystopia. Atwood, when constructing this novel was witnessing the world at a high point of radical feminism. Protests increased about abortions, the right to keep your maiden name after marriage and equal rights for women and men. All these activities had a great influence on Atwood and are portrayed through two characters. Offred’s friend Moira, a radical feminist and disliked males, blaming them for most of society’s past ills and Offred’s Mother. Offred has flashbacks of her mother’s feminist acts, her mother would gather with other feminists and burn pornography magazines. â€Å"But there were some women burning books, that’s what she was really there for† This portrays Atwood ‘s background on a high level as she has created characters based on radical feminists who were around at the time. Another area that influenced Atwood was the Victorian era and how women were treated in it. The Victorian ways and Gilead are very similar. Women were confined to a domestic homelife and if they were to journey outside, would need to be accompanied by another person. This is witnessed in ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’. Offred is accompanied by another Handmaid when doing daily routines like shopping. â€Å"We aren’t allowed to go there except in twos. This is supposed to be for our protection† Also in the Victorian era, women had no rights and pregnancy was compulsory. This is just like the Handmaids role in Gilead, meaning Atwood has taken great influence from this. During the 1980’s when the Handmaid’s Tale was written there was an increase in small religious groups, especially in the USA. The Promise Keeper groups were common at that time. Members had a massive restoration of the biblical way of life. They were committed to God, purity and building strong families as seen in the regime of Gilead. A remaining factor of this regime is the reason it was introduced because of environmental factors obstructing reproduction. AIDS, still births and miscarriages were widespread, hence why Gilead was introduced. When Atwood wrote this the ozone layer was an immense worry. Atwood portrayed her influences to their extremes with her dystopian. Orwell’s influences are completely different to Atwoods, because his novel was written nearly twenty years before Atwoods. In 1948 the Second World War had just ended leaving the promised improvement of a better lifestyle forgotten about. This brought about communists, socialist, poor housing and food rationing, forming a poverty stricken land. This can be seen in ‘1984’ as food quality is poor and only slightly improved by the addition of Victory products. ‘Victory’ produce gin, coffee and cigarettes along with others. They are second rate war products available in London and unfortunately it was the best you could receive being a party member. â€Å"The lifts that never worked, the cold water, the gritty soap, the cigarettes that came to pieces, the food with its strange evil tastes. † The largest influence can be witnessed to come from Joseph Stalin. He was based in Russia and introduced the ‘Five year plans’. The plans brought industry under state control, they decided what and how much would be produced and often unrealistic targets would be set. The first plan started in 1928 and the third finished in 1941 due to world war two. The similarity between this and the novel ‘1984’ is the conditions that Stalin’s workers had to suffer. As in ‘1984’ Stalin was often referred to by the positive euphanism of ‘Uncle Joe’ just like Orwell’s ‘Big Brother’. To the younger workers he was a protecting man, as an Uncle would be and they saw no harm in the way he treated his workers. However with the propaganda which bombarded the workers to work harder, such as labour camps, workers soon developed illness and failed to meet targets. Another similarity is that in Big Brother’s regime, disappearences were very common and unquestioned. Stalin often ordered the abolishment of workers. As seen here in ‘1984’, there is a deffinate link with Orwell’s influences and the story line. â€Å"Syme had vanished. A morning came, and he was missing from work: a few thoughtless peopple commented on his absense† Orwell was correct to an extent with his prediction of the future as a 20th century Stalin would be Saddem Hussein, because this man’s regime is similar to Oceania. His country Iraq suffered catastrophic declines in living standards causing mass poverty. This happened because the regime lent so much money it created high debt. However the borrowed money was used to finance activities such as gross corruption, invasion and human rights violations. In conclusion, both novels share themes of totalitarianism, loss of identity and survelliance to an extreme. Language plays an important part in ‘The Handmaids Tale’ and ‘1984’, it is seen as a means of control within their regime. Both authors develop similar technics by the means of allusions, slogans, euphemisms and categorisation. However, they have very different outcomes as Atwood uses religious beliefs where as Orwell conveys war-approved language, also the nature in which it is used is different. The author’s narrative styles differ in context and basic structure. Orwell sticks with war outcomes of poverty and sickness in his semantic fields too. However Atwood uses non-human nature, the body and feritility, the opposite to Orwell. The novels do become similar when ‘1984’ is at the Golden Country as Orwell’s language developes metaphorically. Conformity is portrayed in the day structure of Atwood’s novel and part one of Orwell’s. Resistance increases for both the main characters in both novels, ‘The Handmaids Tale’ at night and ‘1984’ in parts two. The novels structures are different too, as ‘1984’ is in parts each representing a different story line development. ‘The Handmaids Tale’ is in sections containing passage of time unlike ‘1984’, which has no sense of time present in its structure. The author’s influences play a massive part on the dystopian environment. Orwell was influenced by war, poverty and regimes, which is highly reflected in his novel. Margaret Atwood reflects feminism into her novel as her background contains strong feminist movements and she even portrays this within the characters Offred’s mother and Moira. The novels are very different in context of dystopian environments though they contain similarities. The authors have no similarities in the influences of their novels. This is what alters their views, the time difference that the novels were written in. However, language and structure has a great impact on the environment of the novels and the dystopian writing of the texts. Word count: 3184Bibliography Yorke Notes: The Handmaids Tale 1984 Critical perspective on The Handmaids Tale: http://www. babesinspace. net/report/reports/2000-03-17. html Critical perspectives on 1984: Class handouts. The total word count for this essay is 3,184 words.

Shadow Kiss Chapter 2

TWO Or, well, it looked like mason. He – or it or whatever – was hard to see. I had to keep squinting and blinking to get him in focus. His form was insubstantial – almost translucent – and kept fading in and out of my field of vision. But yes, from what I could see, he definitely looked like Mason. His features were washed out, making his fair skin look whiter than I recalled. His reddish hair now appeared as a faint, watery orange. I could barely even see his freckles. He was wearing exactly what I'd last seen him in: jeans and a yellow fleece jacket. The edge of a green sweater peeped out from underneath the coat's hem. Those colors, too, were all softened. He looked like a photograph that someone had left out in the sun, causing it to fade. A very, very faint glow seemed to outline his features. The part that struck me the most – aside from the fact that he was supposed to be dead – was the look on his face. It was sad – so, so sad. Looking into his eyes, I felt my heart break. All the memories of what had taken place just a few weeks ago came rushing back to me. I saw it all again: his body falling, the cruel look on the Strigoi faces†¦. A lump formed in my throat. I stood there frozen, stunned and unable to move. He studied me too, his expression never changing. Sad. Grim. Serious. He opened his mouth, like he might speak, and then closed it. Several more heavy moments hung between us, and then he lifted his hand and extended it toward me. Something in that motion snapped me out of my daze. No, this could not be happening. I wasn't seeing this. Mason was dead. I'd seen him die. I'd held his body. His fingers moved slightly, like he was beckoning, and I panicked. Backing up a few steps, I put distance between us and waited to see what would happen. He didn't follow. He simply stood there, hand still in the air. My heart lurched, and I turned and ran. When I'd almost reached the door, I stopped and glanced back, letting my ragged breathing calm down. The clearing he'd stood in was completely empty. I made it up to my room and slammed the door behind me, hands shaking. I sank onto my bed and replayed what had just happened. What the hell? That had not been real. No way. Impossible. Mason was dead, and everyone knows the dead don't come back. Well, yeah, I had come back†¦but that was a different situation. Clearly, I'd imagined this. That was it. It had to be. I was overtired and still reeling from Lissa and Christian, not to mention that Victor Dashkov news. Probably the cold had frozen part of my brain too. Yes, the more I thought about it, the more I decided there had to be a hundred explanations for what had just happened. Yet, no matter how often I told myself that, I couldn't fall back asleep. I lay in my bed, covers pulled to my chin as I tried to banish that haunting image from my mind. I couldn't. All I could see were those sad, sad eyes, those eyes that seemed to say, Rose, why did you let this happen to me? I squeezed my eyes shut, trying not to think about him. Since Mason's funeral, I'd been working so hard to go on and act like I was strong. But the truth was, I was nowhere near being over his death. I tortured myself day after day with what if? questions. What if I'd been faster and stronger during the Strigoi fight? What if I hadn't told him where the Strigoi were in the first place? And what if I'd simply been able to return his love? Any of those could have kept him alive, but none of them had happened. And it was all my fault. â€Å"I imagined it,† I whispered out loud into the darkness of my room. I had to have imagined it. Mason already haunted my dreams. I didn't need to see him when I was awake too. â€Å"It wasn't him.† It couldn't have been him, because the only way it could have been was†¦Well, that was something I didn't want to think about. Because while I believed in vampires and magic and psychic powers, I most certainly did not believe in ghosts. I apparently didn't believe in sleep, either, because I didn't get much of it that night. I tossed and turned, unable to quiet my racing mind. I eventually did drift off, but it seemed like my alarm went off so soon after that I could have hardly slept for more than a few minutes. Among humans, the light of day tends to chase off nightmares and fear. I had no such daylight; I awoke to increasing darkness. But just being out with real and living people had nearly the same effect, and as I went to breakfast and my morning practice, I found that what I'd seen last night – or what I thought I'd seen last night – was growing fainter and fainter in my memory. The weirdness of that encounter was also being replaced by something else: excitement. This was it. The big day. The start of our field experience. For the next six weeks, I wouldn't have any classes. I'd get to spend my days hanging out with Lissa, and the most I'd have to do was write a daily field report that was only about a half-page long. Easy. And, yeah, of course I'd be on guard duty, but I wasn't concerned. That was second nature to me. She and I had lived among humans for two years, and I'd protected her the whole time. Before that, when I'd been a freshman, I'd seen the kinds of tests the adult guardians planned for novices during this phase. The ordeals were tricky, absolutely. A novice had to be on watch and not slack – and be ready to defend and attack if necessary. None of that worried me, though. Lissa and I had been away from the school our sophomore and junior years, and I'd fallen behind then. Thanks to my extra practices with Dimitri, I'd quickly caught up and was now one of the best in my class. â€Å"Hey, Rose.† Eddie Castile caught up to me as I walked into the gym where our field experience orientation would kick off. For a brief moment, looking at Eddie, my heart sank. Suddenly, it was like I was out in the quad again with Mason, staring at his sorrowful face. Eddie – along with Lissa's boyfriend, Christian, and a Moroi named Mia – had been with our group when we'd been captured by Strigoi. Eddie hadn't died, obviously, but he'd come very close to it. The Strigoi who'd held us had used him as food, feeding from him throughout our capture in an effort to tease the Moroi and scare the dhampirs. It had worked; I'd been terrified. Poor Eddie had been unconscious for most of the ordeal, thanks to blood loss and the endorphins that came from a vampire's bite. He'd been Mason's best friend and nearly as funny and lighthearted. But since we'd escaped, Eddie had changed, just like I had. He was still quick to smile and laugh, but there was a grimness to him now, a dark and serious look in his eyes that was always on guard for the worst to happen. That was understandable, of course. He pretty much had seen the worst happen. Just like with Mason's death, I held myself responsible for this transformation in Eddie and for what he'd suffered at the hands of the Strigoi. That may not have been fair to me, but I couldn't help it. I felt like I owed him now, like I needed to protect him or make things up to him somehow. And that was kind of funny, because I think Eddie was trying to protect me. He wasn't stalking me or anything, but I'd noticed him keeping an eye on me. I think after what had happened, he felt he owed it to Mason to watch over his girlfriend. I never bothered to tell Eddie that I hadn't been Mason's girlfriend, not in the real sense of the word, just as I never rebuked Eddie for his big brother behavior. I could certainly take care of myself. But whenever I heard him warning other guys away from me, pointing out that I wasn't ready to date anyone yet, I saw no point in interfering. It was all true. I wasn't ready to date. Eddie gave me a lopsided smile that added a little boy type of cuteness to his long face. â€Å"Are you excited?† â€Å"Hell, yeah,† I said. Our classmates were filling in bleachers on one side of the gym, and we found a clear spot near the middle. â€Å"It's going to be like a vacation. Me and Lissa, together for six weeks.† As frustrating as our bond was sometimes, it nonetheless made me her ideal guardian. I always knew where she was and what was happening to her. Once we graduated and were out in the world, I'd be assigned to her officially. He turned thoughtful. â€Å"Yeah, I guess you don't have to worry as much. You know your assignment when you graduate. The rest of us aren't so lucky.† â€Å"You got your sights set on someone royal?† I teased. â€Å"Well, it doesn't matter. Most guardians are assigned to royals lately anyway.† That was true. Dhampirs – half-vampires like me – were in short supply, and royals usually got first pick of guardians. There was a time in the past when more Moroi, royal and non-royal alike, would have gotten guardians, and novices like us would have competed fiercely to get assigned to someone important. Now it was almost a given that every guardian would work for a royal family. There weren't enough of us to go around, and less influential families were on their own. â€Å"Still,† I said, â€Å"I guess it's a question of which royal you get, right? I mean, some are total snobs, but lots of them are cool. Get someone really rich and powerful, and you could be living at the Royal Court or traveling to exotic places.† That last part appealed to me a lot, and I often had fantasies of Lissa and me traveling the world. â€Å"Yup,† agreed Eddie. He nodded toward a few guys in the front row. â€Å"You wouldn't believe the way those three have been sucking up to some of the Ivashkovs and Szelskys. It won't affect their assignments here, of course, but you can tell they're already trying to set things up after graduation.† â€Å"Well, the field experience can affect that. How we're rated on this will go into our records.† Eddie nodded again and started to say something when a loud, clear feminine voice cut through the murmur of our conversation. We both looked up. While we'd been talking, our instructors had gathered in front of the bleachers and now stood facing us in an impressive line. Dimitri was among them, dark and imposing and irresistible. Alberta was trying to call us to attention. The crowd fell silent. â€Å"All right,† she began. Alberta was in her fifties, wiry and tough. Seeing her reminded me of the conversation she and Dimitri had had last night, but I filed that away for later. Victor Dashkov was not going to ruin this moment. â€Å"You all know why you're here.† We'd become so quiet, so tense and excited, that her voice now rang through the gym. â€Å"This is the most important day of your education before you take your final trials. Today you will find out which Moroi you've been placed with. Last week, you were given a booklet with the full details of how the next six weeks will play out. I trust you've all read it by now.† I had, actually. I'd probably never read anything so thoroughly in my life. â€Å"Just to recap, Guardian Alto will highlight the main rules of this exercise.† She handed a clipboard to Guardian Stan Alto. He was one of my least favorite instructors, but after Mason's death, some of the tension between us had lightened. We understood each other better now. â€Å"Here we go,† said Stan gruffly. â€Å"You'll be on duty six days a week. This is actually a treat for you guys. In the real world, you're usually working every day. You will accompany your Moroi everywhere – to class, to their dorms, to their feedings. Everything. It's up to you to figure out how you fit into their lives. Some Moroi interact with their guardians just like friends; some Moroi prefer you to be more of an invisible ghost who doesn't talk to them.† Did he have to use the word ghost? â€Å"Every situation is different, and you two will have to find a way to work it out to best ensure their safety. â€Å"Attacks may come at any time, anywhere, and we'll be dressed in all black when it happens. You should always be on your guard. Remember, even though you'll obviously know it's us doing the attacking and not real Strigoi, you should respond as though your lives are in terrible, immediate danger. Don't be afraid of hurting us. Some of you, I'm sure, won't have any qualms about getting us back for past grievances.† Students in the crowd giggled at this. â€Å"But some of you may feel like you have to hold back, for fear of getting in trouble. Don't. You'll get in more trouble if you do hold back. Don't worry. We can take it.† He flipped to the next page of his clipboard. â€Å"You will be on duty twenty-four hours a day for your six-day cycles, but you may sleep during daylight when your Moroi does. Just be aware that although Strigoi attacks are rare in daylight, they aren't impossible indoors, and you will not necessarily be ‘safe' during these times.† Stan read over a few more technicalities, and I found myself tuning them out. I knew this stuff. We all did. Glancing around, I could see I wasn't alone in my impatience. Excitement and apprehension crackled in the crowd. Hands were clenched. Eyes were wide. We all wanted our assignments. We all wanted this to begin. When Stan finished, he handed the clipboard to Alberta. â€Å"Okay,† she said. â€Å"I'm going to call out your names one by one and announce who you're paired with. At that time, come down here to the floor, and Guardian Chase will give you a packet containing information about your Moroi's schedule, past, etcetera.† We all straightened up as she leafed through her papers. Students whispered. Beside me, Eddie exhaled heavily. â€Å"Oh man. I hope I get someone good,† he muttered. â€Å"I don't want to be miserable for the next six weeks.† I squeezed his arm reassuringly. â€Å"You will,† I whispered back. â€Å"Er, get someone good, I mean. Not be miserable.† â€Å"Ryan Aylesworth,† Alberta announced clearly. Eddie flinched, and I instantly knew why. Before, Mason Ashford had always been the first one called on any class lists. That would never happen again. â€Å"You are assigned to Camille Conta.† â€Å"Damn,† muttered someone behind us, who'd apparently been hoping to get Camille. Ryan was one of the suck-ups in the front row, and he grinned broadly as he walked over to take his packet. The Contas were an up-and-coming royal family. It was rumored that one of their members was a candidate for when the Moroi queen eventually named her heir. Plus, Camille was pretty cute. Following her around wouldn't be too hard for any guy. Ryan, walking with a swagger, seemed very pleased with himself. â€Å"Dean Barnes,† she said next. â€Å"You have Jesse Zeklos.† â€Å"Ugh,† Eddie and I both said together. If I'd been assigned to Jesse, he would have needed an extra person to protect him. From me. Alberta kept reading names, and I noticed Eddie was sweating. â€Å"Please, please let me get someone good,† he muttered. â€Å"You will,† I said. â€Å"You will.† â€Å"Edison Castile,† Alberta announced. He gulped. â€Å"Vasilisa Dragomir.† Eddie and I both froze for the space of a heartbeat, and then duty made him stand up and head toward the floor. As he stepped down the bleachers, he shot me a quick, panicked look over his shoulder. His expression seemed to say, I don't know! I don't know! That made two of us. The world around me slowed to a blur. Alberta kept calling names, but I didn't hear any of them. What was going on? Clearly, someone had made a mistake. Lissa was my assignment. She had to be. I was going to be her guardian when we graduated. This made no sense. Heart racing, I watched Eddie walk over to Guardian Chase and get his packet and practice stake. He glanced down at the papers immediately, and I suspected he was double-checking the name, certain there was a mix-up. The expression on his face when he looked up told me that it was Lissa's name he'd found. I took a deep breath. Okay. No need to panic just yet. Someone had made a clerical error here, one that could be fixed. In fact, they'd have to fix it soon. When they got to me and read Lissa's name again, they were going to realize they'd double-booked one of the Moroi. They'd straighten it out and give Eddie someone else. After all, there were plenty of Moroi to go around. They outnumbered dhampirs at the school. â€Å"Rosemarie Hathaway.† I tensed. â€Å"Christian Ozera.† I simply stared at Alberta, unable to move or respond. No. She had not just said what I thought. A few people, noticing my lack of movement, glanced back at me. But I was dumbstruck. This wasn't happening. My Mason delusion from last night seemed more real than this. A few moments later, Alberta also realized I wasn't moving. She looked up from her clipboard with annoyance, scanning the crowd. â€Å"Rose Hathaway?† Someone elbowed me, like maybe I didn't recognize my own name. Swallowing, I stood and walked down the bleachers, robot-like. There was a mistake. There had to be a mistake. I headed toward Guardian Chase, feeling like a puppet that someone else was controlling. He handed me my packet and a practice stake meant to â€Å"kill† the adult guardians with, and I stepped out of the way for the next person. Disbelieving, I read the words on the packet's cover three times. Christian Ozera. Flipping it open, I saw his life spread out before me. A current picture. His class schedule. His family tree. His bio. It even went into detail about his parents' tragic history, how they'd chosen to become Strigoi and had murdered several people before finally being hunted down and killed. Our directions at this point had been to read through our dossiers, pack a bag, and then meet up with our Moroi at lunch. As more names were called, many of my classmates lingered around the gym, talking to their friends and showing off their packets. I hovered near one group, discreetly waiting for a chance to talk to Alberta and Dimitri. It was a sign of my newly developing patience that I didn't walk right up to them then and there and demand answers. Believe me, I wanted to. Instead, I let them go through their list, but it felt like forever. Honestly, how long did it take to read a bunch of names? When the last novice had been assigned his Moroi, Stan shouted above the din for us to move on to the next stage of the assignment and tried to herd out my classmates. I cut through the crowd and stalked up to Dimitri and Alberta, who blessedly were standing with each other. They were chatting about something administrative and didn't notice me right away. When they did glance at me, I held up my packet and pointed. â€Å"What's this?† Alberta's face looked blank and confused. Something in Dimitri's told me he'd been expecting this. â€Å"It's your assignment, Miss Hathaway,† Alberta said. â€Å"No,† I said through gritted teeth. â€Å"It's not. This is somebody else's assignment.† â€Å"The assignments in your field experience aren't optional,† she told me sternly. â€Å"Just as your assignments in the real world won't be. You can't pick who you protect based on whim and mood, not here and certainly not after graduation.† â€Å"But after graduation, I'm going to be Lissa's guardian!† I exclaimed. â€Å"Everyone knows that. I'm supposed to have her for this thing.† â€Å"I know it's an accepted idea that you'll be together after graduation, but I do not recall any mandatory rulings that say you're ‘supposed' to have her or anyone here at school. You take who you're assigned.† â€Å"Christian?† I threw my packet on the floor. â€Å"You're out of your mind if you think I'm guarding him.† â€Å"Rose!† snapped Dimitri, joining the conversation at last. His voice was so hard and so sharp that I flinched and forgot what I was saying for half a second. â€Å"You're out of line. You do not speak to your instructors like that.† I hated being chastised by anyone. I especially hated being chastised by him. And I especially hated being chastised by him when he was right. But I couldn't help it. I was too angry, and the lack of sleep was taking its toll. My nerves felt raw and strained, and suddenly, little things seemed difficult to bear. And big things like this? Impossible to bear. â€Å"Sorry,† I said with great reluctance. â€Å"But this is stupid. Nearly as stupid as not bringing us to Victor Dashkov's trial.† Alberta blinked in surprise. â€Å"How did you know – Never mind. We'll deal with that later. For now, this is your assignment, and you need to do it.† Eddie suddenly spoke up beside me, his voice filled with apprehension. I'd lost track of him earlier. â€Å"Look †¦ I don't mind†¦. We can switch†¦.† Alberta turned her stony gaze from me to him. â€Å"No, you certainly cannot. Vasilisa Dragomir is your assignment.† She looked back at me. â€Å"And Christian Ozera is yours. End of discussion.† â€Å"This is stupid!† I repeated. â€Å"Why should I waste my time with Christian? Lissa's the one I'm going to be with when I graduate. Seems like if you want me to be able to do a good job, you should have me practice with her.† â€Å"You will do a good job with her,† said Dimitri. â€Å"Because you know her. And you have your bond. But somewhere, someday, you could end up with a different Moroi. You need to learn how to guard someone with whom you have absolutely no experience.† â€Å"I have experience with Christian,† I grumbled. â€Å"That's the problem. I hate him.† Okay, that was a huge exaggeration. Christian annoyed me, true, but I didn't really hate him. As I'd said, working together against the Strigoi had changed a lot of things. Again, I felt like my lack of sleep and general irritability were cranking up the magnitude of everything. â€Å"So much the better,† said Alberta. â€Å"Not everyone you protect will be your friend. Not everyone you protect will be someone you like. You need to learn this.† â€Å"I need to learn how to fight Strigoi,† I said. â€Å"I've learned that in class.† I fixed them with a sharp look, ready to play my trump card. â€Å"And I've done it in person.† â€Å"There's more to this job than the technicalities, Miss Hathaway. There's a whole personal aspect – a bedside manner, if you will – that we don't touch on much in class. We teach you how to deal with the Strigoi. You need to learn how to deal with the Moroi yourselves. And you in particular need to deal with someone who has not been your best friend for years.† â€Å"You also need to learn what it's like to work with someone when you can't instantly sense that they're in danger,† added Dimitri. â€Å"Right,† agreed Alberta. â€Å"That's a handicap. If you want to be a good guardian – if you want to be an excellent guardian – then you need to do as we say.† I opened my mouth to fight this, to argue that having someone I was so close to would train me up faster and make me a better guardian for any other Moroi. Dimitri cut me off. â€Å"Working with another Moroi will also help keep Lissa alive,† he said. That shut me down. It was pretty much the only thing that could have, and damn him, he knew it. â€Å"What do you mean?† I asked. â€Å"Lissa's got a handicap too – you. If she never has a chance to learn what it's like to be guarded by someone without a psychic connection, she could be at greater risk if attacked. Guarding someone is really a two-person relationship. This assignment for your field experience is as much for her as for you.† I stayed silent as I processed his words. They almost made sense. â€Å"And,† added Alberta, â€Å"it's the only assignment you're going to get. If you don't take it, then you opt out of the field experience.† Opt out? Was she crazy? It wasn't like a class I could sit out from for one day. If I didn't do my field experience, I didn't graduate. I wanted to explode about unfairness, but Dimitri stopped me without saying a word. The constant, calm look in his dark eyes held me back, encouraging me to accept this gracefully – or as close as I could manage. Reluctantly I picked up the packet. â€Å"Fine,† I said icily. â€Å"I'll do this. But I want it noted that I'm doing this against my will.† â€Å"I think we already figured that out, Miss Hathaway,† remarked Alberta dryly. â€Å"Whatever. I still think it's a horrible idea, and you eventually will too.† I turned and stormed off across the gym before any of them could respond. In doing so, I fully realized what a bitchy little brat I sounded like. But if they'd just endured their best friend's sex life, seen a ghost, and hardly gotten any sleep, they'd have been bitchy too. Plus, I was about to spend six weeks with Christian Ozera. He was sarcastic, difficult, and made jokes about everything. Actually, he was a lot like me. It was going to be a long six weeks.

FREE-MARKET APPROACH AND REGULATORY APPROACH TO STANDARD SETTING IN Assignment

FREE-MARKET APPROACH AND REGULATORY APPROACH TO STANDARD SETTING IN ACCOUNTING - Assignment Example The researcher analyzed the free market approach to standard setting and provided a case study analysis to this approach. Within the free-market approach, the study revealed some theories including the positive accounting theory and agency theory, which recommends that entities should have incentives to make publicly accounting information munificently. The study also examined the regulatory approach, which aims to protect the interests of the public in the marketplace. The study further examined some of the frameworks within the regulatory approaches including the public interest theory and capture theory. Lastly, the researcher provided the case studies for both free-market and regulatory approaches in relation to standard setting in accounting. Lastly, the conclusion was provided that summed up everything that was discussed under the research topic. Assessment of the Free-Market Approach and Regulatory Approach to Standard Setting In Accounting Introduction The increased competiti ve which result due to increased technology contributing to a global village have encouraged financial analysts, regulators and lobbying groups to take significant interest in the market system. The accounting standards has created an ongoing debate as to whether accountants should regulate or set accounting standards or not. ... The policymakers believe that the government should regulate standards in order to protect investors against market risks. However, there exist non-regulatory approaches known as the free-market approaches, which determine the accounting information and regulation in order to meet the interest of the public. Thus, the study attempts to examine varied approaches to standard setting in accounting including the free market approach, regulator, as well, as illustrates the applications for such approaches. Literature Review Varied literatures have attempted to provide systematic and clear understandings of accounting standard setting in regard to financial accounting standard setting. There is an ongoing debate that market should work freely, but the government should intervene and create regulatory standards to protect investors from encountering risk in the market. Therefore, this part offers an analysis on the way the previous scholars have attempted to argue about by developing varied approaches to standard setting in accounting including the free market and regulatory approaches. However, there have been a considerable debate over the accounting standards and some issues have been raised including the politicization of accounting standard setting for the concerned parties involved (Horngren 2006, 51). The debate on the advantages and disadvantages of accounting regulation standards settings is a realism of accounting setting. Thus, Britton and Waterston (2006, p.71) proposed varied limitations and benefits of accounting standard settings whether regulatory or non-regulatory, hence these can be based on the restructuring the accounting standard setting process. The literature offers critical assessment of varied approaches by

The Concept of Caring in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Concept of Caring in Nursing - Essay Example The question does arise as to the importance of caring to the nursing profession. The answer to that lies in the accepted fact that caring is an essential facilitator for curing and healing and with the nursing profession steeped in trying to bring about curing and healing the importance of caring in this role becomes clear (Ott, Al-Khaduri & Al-Junaibi, 2003). So what does that caring to a nursing professional mean? There are several theories to caring in the nursing profession. A lot of literature has been written on caring and the nursing profession. However, there are three theories that bring about clarity to the issue of caring in the nursing profession. These three theories are: Care consists of the assistive, supportive, or facilitative actions that are taken for or towards another individual or group of individuals that have clear or anticipated requirements to reduce or improve a human condition or way of life. As a result Leininger,(1984, p. 4) defines caring as â€Å"the direct (or indirect) nurturant and skilful activities, processes and decisions related to assisting people in such a manner that reflects behavioural attitudes, which are empathetic, supportive, compassionate, protective, succorant, educational and others dependant on the needs, problems, values, and goals of the individual or group being assisted†. The general nursing theory of Orem essentially consists of three parts. The first part of the theory consists of the Self-Care element, in which an adult through deliberate means learns and perform actions directed towards survival, improved quality of life and well being. The second element is the Self-Deficit part, according to which, nursing is an essential factor towards the learning of the Self-Care element, as the adults are not in a position to perform self-care because of the limitations of their situation. The third element is the nursing element in the nursing system.

Personal development and careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal development and careers - Essay Example The last part focuses on barriers to communication and strategies that can be implemented to overcome them. 1. â€Å"Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge through experience which leads to an enduring change in behaviour,† (Hucznski & Buchanan, 2010). It can be noted that organisations operate in a dynamic environment which is ever changing hence learning in an organisation is a very important strategy that ought to be implemented in order to overcome the challenges that are often brought about by change. Against this background, this essay seeks to explain this assertion in relation to learning theories. The paper will also outline different elements of learning and how they impact on individuals as well as the organisation as a whole. Basically, the concept of learning was popularized by Peter Senge (1990) who described it as, â€Å"the process whereby people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free and where people continually learn how to learn together through the exchange of ideas,† (Robbins, 2003). ... The ability of the organisation to grow mainly depends on the ability of the employees to generate new ideas which can be developed into feasible strategies that can be implemented in the operations of the organisation. There are mainly two theories of learning namely the behavioural and cognitive theories. Behavioural theory suggests that human behaviour in relation to learning can be explained in terms of external stimuli, responses, learned histories and reinforcement which mean that all human behaviour could therefore be understood in terms of cause and effect (Torrington, Hall & Taylor, 2008). On the other hand, cognitive theory posits to the effect that learning is influenced by mental structures. According to Vygotsky (1978), aspects such as problem solving are influenced by an integration of personal traits such as motivation, cognitive strategies as well as the learner’s ambition to acquire new knowledge in a related subject. In most cases, an individual person is awa re of the reason why he or she is learning hence there is need to positively influence this process for a positive result. Both theories are applicable to learning especially in organisations where it can be noted that people learn through socialisation whereby they interact with their workmates in a bid to exchange ideas and knowledge which is the foundation of learning. There is a close relationship between these two concepts given that they emphasise on the need to transform the organisation for positive growth through changing the behaviour of the employees through the knowledge they will gain from the learning process. The learner will be exposed to a system that will

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Motivation - Essay Example The company deals in gold jewellery, diamonds, silver and pearls. There are more than 14 outlets of all 3 categories. My role is of managing the business, staff and production decisions of Gold Mold Inc. (GM )The firm employs more than a hundred employees and I generally overlook the areas of staff problems and promotions, new designs and exhibitions for all these outlets. The most recent crisis occurred in the past few months where I had been designated to choose a new factory and retail site for our group of companies. The site in question which was nominated by the consultants would appear to have everything. It was close to a railway station, bus services are fairly good from the middle and west of the district and was a popular area for professional staff to live. We could have drained the land (a small water feature would be an attractive low cost possibility). It was a prestige site in what is a very desirable part of the district. The large number of golf sites and good green space within walking distance further add to the attractiveness of the site as a commercial centre. However the only problem was that the nature reserve itself had been declared a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) due to the presence of Great Crested Newts in some of the ponds and wetlands. There have been recent instances where development still pressed ahead despite the presence of these creatures but this resulted in delays & bad publicity due to strong opposition from environmental and wildlife groups. One representative of a bank involved in the group of development consultants and an ardent supporter of this site has put forward the idea, in confidence, that for a small sum it might be possible to â€Å"rid ourselves of the Newts†. This is certainly an attractive site and must not be ruled out. If the problems can be resolved relatively quickly and without too much cost building a Jewellery retail and factory

Personality, Learning, and Communication Styles Term Paper

Personality, Learning, and Communication Styles - Term Paper Example Allport (cited in Monte, 1995) ordered various traits in three hierarchical levels, namely, cardinal trait, central trait and secondary trait. The three hierarchical levels are explained as follows: Cardinal traits: Cardinal traits are referred to certain specific traits which shape and have a dominating effect on the manners of an individual. Such traits have been placed by the author at the highest level of the hierarchy and are referred as master traits for controlling personality of an individual. However, it is noteworthy that such traits are rare and extreme and can have an impact so strong that it may completely define an individual’s life. Examples of cardinal traits can be greed, altruism and ambition. Central traits: The central traits occupy the second highest level in the trait hierarchy defined by Allport. These characteristics are found in different persons in varying quantity. These traits are referred as common building blocks that have major impact on an individual’s behaviour. Examples of central traits can be honesty, dedication, sensitivity and generosity. Secondary traits: The secondary traits are placed at the lowest level of the hierarchy and are exhibited under specific circumstances. Secondary traits are largely individualistic with respect to its features. These traits are activated by certain stimuli and can explain the rationale behind certain behavior of an individual that is different from the person’s other behaviors. Preference and attitude can be considered as secondary traits (Monte, 1995; Kasschau, 1985). The term learning style indicates towards personal preference of an individual towards gaining knowledge and learning. There are three prominent learning styles that are largely implemented in organizational framework: adult learning theory, visual, auditory and kinesthetic (VAK) learning style model and Kolb’s experiential learning theory and styles. The paper

Global Promotion Event of a Toothpaste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Promotion Event of a Toothpaste - Essay Example nature of this product therefore calls for certain convincing power that must be attained during promotion in order to ensure that the consumers are feeling safe and satisfied with the product. There are specific issues that surround dental health that must be tackled as well to enhance consumer trust, such as tooth decay (plague), bleeding gums and tooth sensitivity. The promotion of the product would require relevant specific guests and since it is set on a global stage, the presence of health and business expertise from different countries is indispensible. There are other tools provided by modern technology that must be adopted to guarantee success in the promotion. The information about Mediplus is intended to reach all the corners of the world, its presence and effectiveness must be felt around the globe before effecting sales. At the beginning of the event, the product should be introduced. Promoting a toothpatse entails promoting its active ingredients (Saxena 2006). Mediplus is a toothpaste brand that is rapidly gaining positive reputation for its effectiveness and healthy attributes. It has not been in the market and is currently in the market that only covers a single nation. The current market has tested it and has approved of its worth. It is a product manufactured under high health standards to guarantee its consumers of healthy teeth and gums. A part from its medical attributes, it is also manufactured to give its consumers a very elegant smile. It contains micro granules that whiten the teeth. Everyone needs a lovely smile. And this is what Mediplus provides without a doubt. For this reason, a Mediplus consumer is easily acceptable and socially presentable in a large scope of life. However, regardless of all the successes that Mediplus has gained in the local scenario, the company intends to pass this beautiful experience to the rest of the world: continent to continent. The presence of Mediplus to be felt in North and South America, Europe,

Feng Shui in the Home Essay Example for Free

Feng Shui in the Home Essay Feng Shui, as a part of the Chinese culture, is considered an art and a science of how the chi or energies that exist in spaces of nature are to be placed or positioned in order to nurture productivity and the flow of positive forces that influence the quality of life of human beings. Feng Shui, which literally means â€Å"wind† and â€Å"water† in the Chinese language, looks at all the features of the earth as constituting one of the five elements – earth, fire, water, metal, and wood. Moreover, Feng Shui follows the traditional principle of the Yin and Yang which suggests two opposite aspects of life that are complementary to each other which sustains the flow of balance in the world and in life. (Allen) Feng Shui is put into practice through the positioning or ordering of objects or things in spaces or dwellings as a means of facilitating the flow of positivity and harmony through the guidance or assistance of a Compass specially designed for the purpose and the Bagua. (Tchi) These concepts – the chi, the five elements, Yin and Yang, the Compass, the Bagua – and more will be explored in the remainder of this discussion. In Ancient China, dynasties or political parties applied the principles of Feng Shui in order to make decisions that positively affect harvests, wealth and the economy, the endurance of dynasties and political parties, and such. During that time, the art and science of Feng Shui was practiced by only selected educated individuals such as â€Å"scientists, architects, astronomers, and land surveyors† (Stohn, 1). They were expected to apply Feng Shui principles by applying their sound judgments and reasoning guided by plans and estimates influenced by astrological signs and patterns. For instance, individuals who put the Feng Shui into practice may utilize the Compass or the â€Å"loopan† in order to determine areas that bring positive and negative energies to human beings who occupy particular spaces or rooms inside a house or a building. The use of the Compass is guided by the positions of heavenly bodies, such as the earth, the sun, and the planets in the solar system. (Stohn, 2-3) The chi energy, or a life force that is known to be part of all the things and man, is the basis for the success of Feng Shui. According to Feng Shui principles, the chi should be placed in particular positions that will establish a flow of energy from all the elements surrounding man and himself in order to produce positive forces that contribute constructive and positive impacts to life. The role of interior designing in realizing the goals and objectives of Feng Shui is the practice of designing the internal components of spaces or dwellings in order to facilitate the continuous flow of chi or energy. According to Feng Shui principles disharmony and negative energy exists when there are barriers in the surroundings that disrupt the flow of chi or energy. Basing it on the five elements – that is earth, fire, water, metal, and wood – barriers that cause disruptions are caused by the misplacement of interior components of spaces of dwellings violating the concepts of the â€Å"Cycle of Creation,† â€Å"Cycle of Reduction,† and â€Å"Cycle of Control or Domination. † (Stohn, 6-10) These three cycles explain how the five elements affect each other, establishing the basis of how things in the surroundings should be placed in order to ensure that these objects or things, which all belong to one of the five elements are arranged in order to foster the harmony between them and not the opposing features that each element possess against other elements. For instance, the â€Å"Cycle of Creation† discusses how each element gives birth to the other, such that fire is born out of wood, the ashes that come after the fire becomes part of the earth, some parts of the earth constitutes ores that are considered as metals, through the process of condensation, metals become water which nourishes the life of wood. On the other hand, the â€Å"Cycle of Reduction† and the â€Å"Cycle of Control or Domination† similarly discusses how one element cancels out the other, such as the water that relieves fire, and such. (Stohn, 10-11) Interior designing in this case, considers the make or the composition of interior components of the home according to the five elements, and how they are arranged in order to follow the â€Å"Cycle of Creation† which facilitates the continuous flow of chi or positive energy. Another way by which the Feng Shui is put into practice through interior designing is by the utilization of the Bagua. The Bagua is considered as a map of energy which directs interior designing into ensuring that the interior components of a space or dwelling coordinates the nine essential principles that brings about harmony and positivity within it. Interior designing through the use of the Bagua necessitates the consideration of the four directions – North, South, East, and West – and how the nine areas – courage, stillness, joy, receptivity, synchronicity, integrity, strength, gratitude, and connection – are inclusive in each designated position inside spaces. (Stohn, 11-15) Some popular examples of interior designing techniques and practices that follow the principle of Feng Shui include the designation of areas that pertain to directions following the five elements in the surroundings. For instance, the North direction is designated to cover the area of career and business. The North is supposed to be a door or an entry way inside the home which signifies the entry of good career and the development of business. In order to sustain the flow of positive energy in the North direction to foster one’s career and business, this area or space should be free from clutter or dirt. It should always be clean and decorated with new and shiny things or objects. According to Feng Shui, the North direction is also designated to the element of water. Therefore, it is ideal to place fountains, aquariums or fish tanks, or other decorations that connote the presence of water in them. This is followed all throughout the house, such that each area wherein a particular element is designated, things or objects in it should be made from such elements. (Stohn, 18-20) Since the principle of Feng Shui constitutes the arrangement of things or objects in spaces or dwellings, it has become one of the most valuable, not to mention widespread, foundations of interior designing. The demand for interior designing practices that are based on Feng Shui principles has definitely contributed to its addition as a custom in the industry of interior design. The Feng Shui, as an Eastern art or science practiced by the Chinese, has successfully infiltrated the Western culture. (Skinner Price, 6) Popular personalities, such as the late Princess Diana, Prince Charles (Alexander), and Donna Karan, Betty Buckley, and Terry Sweeney (Stukin), have consulted Feng Shui experts for their interior designing needs and some of them have attested to the positive changes in their lives that have happened after following Feng Shui principles in their homes. Works Cited Alexander, Jane (1996). â€Å"The Healing Touch that Starts in Your Home; The Secrets of Feng Shui. † London, England: The Daily Mail. Allen, Marites. (2006). â€Å"Demystifying ‘Feng Shui. ’† Retrieved from Manila Standard Today Online. 05 Feb 2009. http://www. manilastandardtoday. com/? page=myMoney02_april20_2006. Skinner, Stephen Price, Graham. (2004). â€Å"Feng Shui Style: The Asian Art of Gracious Living. † North Clarendon, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing Stohn, Nancy. (2005). â€Å"Feng Shui Simplified: A Family Guide to Creating Harmony and Love in Your Home. † British Columbia, Canada: Trafford Publishing. Stukin, Stacie. (2000). â€Å"Home Shui Home. † The Advocate. Tchi, Rodika. (N. D. ) â€Å"What is Feng Shui – Feng Shui Theory and Feng Shui Tools. † Retrieved from About. com. Website: http://fengshui. about. com/od/thebasics/qt/fengshui. htm

Chagall’s Apocalypse in Lilac, Capriccio Essay Example for Free

Chagall’s Apocalypse in Lilac, Capriccio Essay This painting was done by Marc Chagall, a Russian artist. It is a painting of Christ shouting at a Nazi soldier while also witnessing other forms of violence from his view. While He is being crucified, others were hanged, stabbed and crucified like him while an inverted clock falls from the sky. It was a response in the increasing number of casualties from the Holocaust. It was his tribute to the Jewish community. His art pieces, upon reaching the shores of Germany were prohibited by the Nazis by the order of Adolf Hitler himself, just like what happened to other modernist art pieces. (Chipp, 1968) The color scheme is black and white; it means that the artist conveys in the art piece that it is a grim incident which he wanted to record before he passes on. A set of symbols from different elements have been depicted in the art piece. First is the crucifixion of Christ, most of us have acknowledged that Christ is the redeemer of mankind. But here, He was depicted as a powerless man only capable of screaming at a soldier to stop the violence. The next symbol in this art piece is the violence around Christ; it was like the people forgetting that a God or His son exists. The violence goes on, while an inverted clock which spins in the other way, the last symbol, tells us that man is in reverse evolution at that time. We are slaughtering each other like animals for survival. Interpretation The location and the people centered on the art piece impacts me in a way that any other artworks with similar themes do. This is a humanist approach to telling people that â€Å"peace is in our hands. † I could say that after Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People, the next piece a person would want to see is this artwork by Chagall. Comparing the two, the former is looking forward to progress, while the latter is looking forward to a series of regression, symbolized by the inverted clock in the sky. War became the motivation of Chagall in order to create this work. There are many artists who have been affected by war, Chagall was one example. It gave them an intense emotion, an intense desire to break free. Like in war, natural calamities also give artists a certain feeling of sadness. One example of this was Edvard Munch and his work The Scream, which he created during the time when the Krakatoa volcano erupted and claimed many lives. Chagall has been very open about his perspective on the war that is going on in Germany, how the Nazis seized the political power from the Weimar republic, and how it oppressed the Jewish people. He has viewed the society under a time of war. This was his answer, to paint propaganda about how God feels seeing that the race of his likeness is slaying each other. Chagall was also known as a chronicler of biblical events. He was fond of using The Bible as a reference for his works. But in the Apocalypse, he blended real-life events and the ones that happened in the Bible. For art historians, the Apocalypse was a rare Chagall painting. Through the symbols, I have interpreted it as propaganda against the Nazi rule on Germany. Others may interpret the artwork as a continuation of the peoples’ suffering in the time of Christ. Or putting it simply, Christ as the people is at its weakest and can do nothing to stop the violence around him. Though we may have different interpretations on Chagall’s painting, we all share a common view that the people depicted in the painting is suffering. In addition, with the inverted clock may be interpreted by others as a person peeking through history, or the past. It tells the person or the clock that â€Å"this is us in this time of day†. At exactly the same time and the same date, this is what is going on. Social Judgment I believe that moving the art in another setting would be just the same. But there are certain elements that can be replaced like the Nazis; it can be replaced with soldiers who have invaded powerless, poor countries. The violence can be replaced with soldiers who are torturing and killing innocent people who fought for the freedom of their country. These people who they claimed to be smaller than the invasive soldiers have been fighting a war for freedom with and without the use of weapons. Many times the weak and the small were not heard by the powerful. Many times the human rights have been violated. Many people are suffering today with their own wars, combating hunger, homelessness, ignorance and many other deficiencies due to the rights that were withheld from them. Today, the London Jewish Museum bought the painting for $43,000. It was exhibited in the museum in remembrance of the Jews who were killed, persecuted, tortured and subjected to forced labor by the Nazis. The painting fits the The last question is if I like this work. Yes, I do. I give the highest form of adoration in the work. It is because rare are the times that artists have a nationalist or humanist emotion when it comes to painting their work. Chagall belongs to the line of artists who believe that peace can still be achieved. Rare are the artists who used their skills not for commercial purposes, but rather to express what they feel in the current situation of their world. Rare are the chances that a person would see an artist concerned not only about his country but also for the countries of his brothers, especially in these times. Chagall was more than intelligent; he was proven a genius with the creation of his masterpiece. Conclusion Many scholars believe that art does not exist for its own sake. Rather, art has political, ethical, social values. Aesthetics is only a bonus. For a painting like the Apocalypse in Lilac, this also holds true. As long as there are human beings struggling for power, there will always be politics. Chagall was an artist concerned about the welfare of his European brothers. He was a humanist. Seeing the war through his eyes, he got inspired. He gathered his brushes and gave the first few strokes on his work. He was fond of using Biblical figures. For him, Christ was the most fitting of them all, for He is the people. Anyone who betrays the people betrays Him. It was a powerful symbol to convey. The artwork was a critique of the war, its illogic and its costs to the people. He also described the rule of Hitler through the painting, being ungodly and grim to the people who are part of his country. The innocent, being pained by the nooses of death and knives of the soldiers are his descriptions of Hitler’s approach to leadership. Because of this, Hitler banned Chagall and so are other modern artists who conveyed their feelings about Nazi Germany and the people who are not fraternal with the Jews they have forced into labor. Moving the setting of the painting, say in contemporary times, it would be just the same. It won’t change everything because this is exactly how the people feel when they are working under large corporations, when they are giving their maximum output while only earning their minimum wage. Hitler may be gone, but the repercussions that his spiritual successors have done still echo and can still be felt by the people. I recommend a viewing of Chagall’s work, which is timeless because we can still relate to it, we are living in a society like these, and the only difference is that the hierarchy has legal bases for their existence. Liking the painting is not enough like I’ve said. It is recommended to view it again and again and compare our societies with the one depicted in the art. This is to have a clear view of what we are and what we are to expect in the future. References: Chagall, M. , Owen, P. (2003). My Life. Cambridge, Masachussetts: Da Capo Press. Chipp, H. B. (1968). Theories of Modern Art: A Source Book by Artists and Critics. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. Hopkins, D. (2000). After Modern Art: 1945-2000. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.

Is Human Security Better Than State Centric Security?

Is Human Security Better Than State Centric Security? Along with the end of the Cold War, the spread of globalisation, and the fast development, the world is facing new challenges and threats endangering states as well as people all over the world. Those new problems require effective counteractions. Two approaches can be distinguished, which are particularly meaningful in a context of global security, Human Security, and state-centric approaches, such as realism, neo-realism, or Strategic Studies. They differ not only because of the subject of their focus, and hence the manner of protection, but also because definition of security they draw and methods of achievement of that security. New threats endanger people globally, therefore Human Security, which is focused on the providing the security of people, not states in the first line, seems to offer better way of dealing with these non-traditional problems. However, is the Human Security sufficient? Both approaches, like any other theories, comprise positive and negative aspects. In ord er to estimate which of these two approaches offer a better way of dealing with non-traditional new global security problems, first the definition of security will be explained, in context of both theories, to assess an impact of diverse conceptions of security on the specifying threats and methods of dealing with them. Next, and there will be assessed an importance of non-traditional new global security problems, in the scope of states and human security, and threats and difficulties associated with them will be clarified as well. Furthermore, both conceptions will be characterised, including examination of manner they offer to challenge the new threats, and to provide security, additionally effectiveness of their models will be estimated. Finally, two perceptions will be compared, emphasising the most colliding issues between them, and all arguments will be put together and summarised in ending statement. Diverse dimension of security Primary issue, whilst discussing the different perception of the global security problems, appears to be understanding of the security concept. Recognition of threats and methods we use to challenge them depend on the way we define security. We can distinguish two potential objects of security, states and human beings. The former conception is strictly associated with realism, which favour protection of state as the highest authority, according to King and The traditional view of security has focused on using the military to ensure the territorial integrity of sovereign states.  [1]  Realists argue that the main goal of states is assurance of their survival, regardless of citizens well-being. Military potential is according to realism a guarantor of states existence, and consequently, therefore realists claim that the best method to obtain the highest level of security is maximization of states unilateral military capabilities.  [2]  However, there is also other side of this idea, because such states struggle to the maximization of military power and international hegemonic position, as Richard Ullman argues in the long run can only increase a global insecurity,  [3]  therefore realist definition of security seems to have positive as well as negative aspects. Such model on the one hand offers a way to protect states, but on the other hand put it in danger. The latter concept, Human Security theory, draws a view that the individuals are of primary importance. For that reason they turn their attention towards the international rather than national security. Subsequently, because of its wider and more global character, it establishes different risks, not only military, but also environmental, social, and economic, proposing different methods of protection. However, there is also another interesting aspect, even though people are aware of the different kinds of threats and their crucial impact on their lives they value defence from violence more than from any other risks. The outcome of the enquiry conducted in 2005 in Afghanistan justifies that fact. Accordingly, 37% of questioned said that violence is the biggest danger facing their country, whilst 29% sustained that they are economic problems, such as poverty or unemployment.  [4]  Subsequently, people appreciate their physical safety more than a good condition of a country, and bel ieve that violation of human rights is the major threat resulting in many others difficulties. To sum up, the essential aspect in counter measuring of a particular threat is first its recognition, because in order to deal with something we need to be aware that it is a threat to our security. The effectiveness is determined by the extent that particular threat endangers our security. Here arises the question, how those distinct perceptions of threat and security affect attitude of both approaches to non-traditional threats? Non-traditional new global security problems We cannot decide of the predominance of one theory over another without explaining types and meaning of non-traditional security problems. New threats are of diverse nature, for example environmental threats, spreading of diseases, grooving population, poverty, intercontinental crime, threats associated with new technology, or acts of terrorism, and for that reason there are so hard to be challenged. What makes them even more problematic is their interconnectedness, usually one issue is correlated with another one or even causes another problems. They, therefore, need collective response, which obviously in anarchical model of self-interested states created by realists is difficult to obtain. Non-traditional threats often cause as many harms as traditionally defined dangers, such as war. This assumption is illustrated by the following example: AIDS is a direct threat to human security because it kills an estimated three million people every year.  [5]  Health issues concern not only developing countries, as it is generally believed. Stefan Elbe claims that because of the number of military operations all over the world, and highly developed tourist industry, the diseases spread very fast all over the world. Furthermore, there are also economic consequences, necessity of replacement of infected stationed soldiers equals additional costs, and likewise those soldiers create a risk for the population of their national states. Such situation took place in Sierra Leone, during peacekeeping operation number of people infected by HIV/AIDS increased in that region.  [6]   Another worth noting issue is environmental threat. Thomas Homer-Dixon argues that environmental scarcities are already contributing to violent conflicts in many parts of the world.  [7]  There is strict correlation between water and land exploitation and ethnic and national conflicts. Scarcity of resources resulting from devastating environmental occurrences such as global warming, acid rains, or deforestation, in result constrains people to migration, fighting for other sources of resources, or worsens states economic and social situation. Some of non-traditional threats are of greater military context, such as terrorism, arm trade, or militarization of children, other are less, such as poverty, health insecurity, or violation of human rights. What is certain, however, all of these threats are of the significant importance in terms of global security, both of people and states. Notwithstanding, difficulties in confronting those non-traditional threats derive from interrelation and global dimension of those issues. Non-traditional threats can very fast, if ignored, transformed into traditional ones. Which of the given approaches then offer a better way of dealing with new threats to global security? State-centric security approaches in an era of new threats First, there will be discussed the case of state-centric approaches, which at the first sight sacrifice very little attention to non-traditional threats. According to main theory in that scope, realism, major actor on the political arena is a state, and it is a state that should be protected and secured. Subsequently, the primary, if not only, danger for state is military invasion of other state; therefore the chief area of state-centric considerations is war and peace. Correspondingly to that conception, the only provider of security is state, and as long as the external security of state is achieved, the state is in stable and safe position. Accordingly, protecting the state from military threats has the effect of protecting its people,  [8]  what indicates that state-centric approaches do not completely ignore the safety of people, although they believe that safety can only be attained through military actions. Realism and other state-centric approaches offer some useful ways though with dealing with non-traditional threats, even though some argue that they do not even recognise domestic insecurity as a threat.  [9]  Realism focuses on the national security. War, as Amitav Acharya argues, frequently endangers people by causing physical violence, but also undermines interior situation of the state, triggers malnutrition, migration of refugees, maximises the probability of pandemic, and negatively affects economic and industrial development of a certain state,  [10]  to name only few destructive features of military conflicts. For that reason, preventing wars consequently provides, to some extent, security against non-traditional threats which would result from a military conflict. Moreover, considering national security as a primary value affects the seriousness in deliberation any threats that somehow put that national security at risk. Nevertheless, not every arising problem might be resolved militarily. Furthermore, state-centric approaches apparently omit a lot of serious aspects of global security, we may even say that they are very monothematic in a context of security. One of the major omissions is a role of a state as the threat for its own citizens, not always protector. Enquiry held by Amnesty International greatly exemplifies such argument: In 1993 annual report of Amnesty International spoke of human rights violations on a terrifying scale, recording violations in 161 states.  [11]  States interest are, in a context of that particular theory, various of the interest and well-being of its inhabitants, Alan Collins even claims that a state exists somewhat apart from society,  [12]  as a result it is unsafe to sustain that state should be the highest and only provider of law and security, and ought to have unconditional sovereignty. Another weakness of state-centric approach is its static character. It ignores possibility of collective actions in order to increase states and human security, as it does not recognise non-traditional threats as a serious danger. Richard Ullman claims that such manner, staying focusing only on the one aspect of a threat, reduces their total security.  [13]   Overall, state-centric approaches, although they established some valuable techniques of providing security, tend fail to provide reasonable method of dealing with non-traditional threats, as most of these threats are concerned with human, not state, security. Human Security in a struggle to assure global security The most beneficial factor of Human Security approach in dealing with non-traditional threats is its area of focus. It places human beings in the centre of considerations. Therefore, scholars of that particular theory very broadly define security and distinguish numerous variants of security violation. The Report of the Commission on Human Security defines Human Security as: to protect the vital core of all human freedoms and human fulfilment.  [14]  Human Development Report classified seven areas of human security: economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community and political security.  [15]  Why then Human Security seems to offer a better way of dealing with non-traditional threats? First of all, because it admits that those threats are of significant importance. Most of new threats are of a global not state dimension. Therefore, while attempting to assure of security of all the individuals around the world it is aware of necessity of involvement multiple actors in challenging those dangers, such as NGOs, civil society, intergovernmental organisations, international institutions, single individuals, and many others.  [16]  Furthermore, it offers numerous methods of dealing and preventing threats. To these methods we can include, for instance, world supporting programs, such as Millennium Development Goals, sanctions in case of any violations, humanitarian interventions, peacekeeping operations, implementation of international rules and laws, and setting up institutions that enforce abidance of those laws, because respecting human rights are at the core of protecting human security.  [17]  Human Security approach values more the prevention of conflict, en suring economic, social and political stability, than the military actions when the military dispute already begins. It comprehends the crucial meaning of development, innovations, and personal well-being. Additionally Human Security is seriously judged by states, for instance Japan and Canada included human security principles in their foreign affairs programs. Human Security is also the leading policy of the UN programs, and had its contribution in the establishment of Geneva Convention, Responsibility to Protect Report, the Ottawa Treaty.  [18]   However, although Human Security approach appears to offer very successful way of dealing with new global threats it has also some defects. One of its failures is that it ignores external military threats,  [19]  because it provides the security of people not states, it does not pay much attention to the relations between states. Next, it is difficult to find any effective method of dealing with non-traditional threats whilst we grant everything an importance, as Yuen Khong claims making everything a priority renders nothing a priority,  [20]  therefore we have already plurality of non-traditional threats, and it would be hard to challenge them if we grant everything an equal status. For that reason, some scholars argue that Human Security define concept of security extremely broadly and that makes it implausible. Consequently, Human Security is very often divided into two sectors freedom from fear, and freedom from want.  [21]   Notwithstanding, in a context of globalism and global dimension of contemporary threats, Humanitarian Security offers a better way of dealing with non-traditional threats. Mostly because majority of those threats endangers directly human security first and usually affects large regions at the same time, consequently collective response is inevitable, which is rather problematic to obtain in state-centric approaches. Comparison of both conceptions Which of those two approaches better adapts to contemporary standards, and offer a better way of dealing with modern threats? When we take under considerations Alan Collins argument, that conflict since the mid-1990s overwhelmingly takes place within the borders of developing states, not between states,  [22]  we would certainly assume that the state-centric approaches since the end of the Cold War are no longer adequate to current global situation. Nevertheless, there is also other aspect of a dispute between those two theories, namely humanitarian intervention. Realists strongly believe in the right to unconditional sovereignty and that in some cases, intervention may exacerbate conflict, rather than mitigate it. Furthermore, interventions of different kinds are sometimes regarded as the hegemonic interference and an attempt to gain control. This in effect might cause hostility, as the threat to ones sovereignty is a threat to a security. Consequently how can we deal with new t hreats, which include also protection of fundamental rights, without supplying more harm than benefit? Human Security theorists believe, on the other hand, that sovereignty is conditional, as long as a state is responsible for well-being and protection of its citizens, any violation of that should require response of international community. It is strictly combined with the idea of sovereignty as responsibility.  [23]   Conclusion To summarise, both theories in contrary way try to challenge new global security threats. Nevertheless, state-centric approaches together with the end of the Cold War seem to lost their effectiveness and plausibility. Human Security, because of its alternative attitude and flexibility in dealing with arising problems, also due to its widely defined concept of security offer methods which appear to be more adequate and have a potential of success. Nature of non-traditional threats is diverse, interlinked and primarily global, therefore to deal with such threats, collective response is essential, but also of multilateral character, i.e. confronting diverse problems at the same time. The most threatened in a context of new global problems is human being, and from both of these theories, only Human Security offers a direct protection of people, and offers a resolution of global dimension, which is necessary taking under consideration global problems.

Perspectives On Society And Culture :: essays research papers

Perspectives on Society and Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is very difficult as a reader to make any sense of the rituals performed by the Nacirema. The Nacirema are a people who stress the importance of physical wellness and go to great and to the outsider horrific lengths to ensure this. A professor Linton was the first to shed light on the particularly bizarre lifestyle that is lived by the Nacirema. Physical wellness being so heavily stressed is not the bizarre aspect, it is the spiritual sense and seemingly blind faith they put into their beliefs that is bewildering. These people believe the human body is ugly and that it breeds disease. The Nacirema pray daily through a private shrine in there house to , what seems to me cleanse and prevent, what to them lurks and breeds in our body. It is believed by the people that there is magical forces possesed in a chest in the shrine. These forces or magic is supplied through text by a medicine man who holds very high stature among the Nacirema. One part of the body that is seen to be excpecially unholy is the mouth. One major part of the cleansing of the mouth is done once or twice a year by the† holy mouth men†. This is where the man uses exotic instruments to open holes larger in decaying teeth or even healthy teeth. The teeth, with nerve exposed, are stuffed with†magical†material to arrest decay. To the outsider this is torturous. There are many other disturbing body cleansing rituals like the baking of women's heads scheduled by the patterns of the moon. This culture is one of many cultures who put there faith in past on beliefs and go to seemingly horrific measures carrying them out. This article was frightening as well as uplifting to me. What was frightening to me is the fact that in the US these disturbing rituals take place. As I already stated as an outsider it is very difficult trying to make sense of these customs in terms of my society.I was being quite ethnocentric. It took me a while to get my stomach back and realize that these people are born into this lifestyle. These rituals are apart of the religion they hold dear to there heart. So yes, to the common white Irish Catholic this may be peculiar, Perspectives On Society And Culture :: essays research papers Perspectives on Society and Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is very difficult as a reader to make any sense of the rituals performed by the Nacirema. The Nacirema are a people who stress the importance of physical wellness and go to great and to the outsider horrific lengths to ensure this. A professor Linton was the first to shed light on the particularly bizarre lifestyle that is lived by the Nacirema. Physical wellness being so heavily stressed is not the bizarre aspect, it is the spiritual sense and seemingly blind faith they put into their beliefs that is bewildering. These people believe the human body is ugly and that it breeds disease. The Nacirema pray daily through a private shrine in there house to , what seems to me cleanse and prevent, what to them lurks and breeds in our body. It is believed by the people that there is magical forces possesed in a chest in the shrine. These forces or magic is supplied through text by a medicine man who holds very high stature among the Nacirema. One part of the body that is seen to be excpecially unholy is the mouth. One major part of the cleansing of the mouth is done once or twice a year by the† holy mouth men†. This is where the man uses exotic instruments to open holes larger in decaying teeth or even healthy teeth. The teeth, with nerve exposed, are stuffed with†magical†material to arrest decay. To the outsider this is torturous. There are many other disturbing body cleansing rituals like the baking of women's heads scheduled by the patterns of the moon. This culture is one of many cultures who put there faith in past on beliefs and go to seemingly horrific measures carrying them out. This article was frightening as well as uplifting to me. What was frightening to me is the fact that in the US these disturbing rituals take place. As I already stated as an outsider it is very difficult trying to make sense of these customs in terms of my society.I was being quite ethnocentric. It took me a while to get my stomach back and realize that these people are born into this lifestyle. These rituals are apart of the religion they hold dear to there heart. So yes, to the common white Irish Catholic this may be peculiar,

Tsunami :: essays research papers

I think that every author has a purpose and reason behind there writing. Most of it was to make aware of the catastrophe, damage and affect that the tsunami and earthquake had on the nations that it hit. Also some of the information in the articles was to make aware of the efforts other nations were doing to help those affected. Other articles explained the origin of such catastrophes. For example, one article explains how many years of built up strain on 2 faults in the, what is known as the Sumatra Subduction Zone, suddenly slipped past each other creating an earthquake. From which the Tsunamis that hit the many nations across the Indian Ocean were originated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My reaction to the articles and its findings were first how some authors think as to what they want to communicate. While the majority of authors focused on the damage the tsunami and earthquake caused and the death tolls there were some that focused on the origin of such events and predictions of when another one can happen and where. Others focused on actual interviewing of people affected and storytelling like writing of the events that the person saw and thought of at the time it happened. The articles really have not changed my views in anyway of the topic. I was very aware of the damages an earthquake can cause and how a tremor in the ocean can develop a tsunami. I was aware that one in our coast can happen from reading many books of history of tsunami’s and earthquakes. Actually before I graduated high school I wanted to study seismology and be a seismologist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I really can’t compare any experience iv had with the one in Asia. I did however experience an earthquake back in 1989. The Loma Prieta earthquake of 6.9 magnitude, that hit the bay area affected many lives including mine. I lived smack in the middle of the bay area at that time. My mom and dad both worked in Oakland and had to cross the two story Cypress freeway that collapsed. That day my mom was scheduled to work and did not go because she decided she had too many things to take care of. Usually around the time the quake took place she would be crossing that exact freeway that collapsed. Just to know or think that my mom could have been one of the victims trapped under

Do You Agree to Redevelop a City

Do you agree to redevelop Lee Tong Street ? I do not agree to redevelop Lee Tong Street because of the following reasons . From the economic point of view , redevelop Lee Tong Street cause serious economic losses to the shop owners and the residents . First , after the redevelopment , the property prices will be increased . It will threaten the survival of the existing small shop owners . They concern about whether they will receive enough compensation to cover their losses . Some may not be able to afford the high rent and will be forced to close down .Second , the residents worry if they will receive enough compensation to purchase a flat of a similar size and whether their living conditions will be improved . Also , the tenants concern about whether they could be relocated in the same area and afford the increased rent in the future . Those stakeholders need to face a serious economic losses in the redevelopment of Lee Tung Street . From the social point of view , redevelopment of Lee Tung Street will bring a radical change for the local residents . First , after the redevelopment , Lee Tung Street will have many high-rise buildings .Because of the densely-packed high-rise buildings , the density will be increased . And the air pollution also will become more serious . Second , Lee Tung Street was originally a public space where residents could hang around and interact with each other freely . Communities could then be established . However , after these streets are redeveloped into shopping malls which belong to developers and are privately owned , people will no longer be entitled to the right to interact freely in these private areas .This hinders the formation of communities . The redevelopment bring many inconvenient to the society and the residents . P. 1 From the cultural point of view , redevelop Lee Tung Street will destroy the local cultural , Chinese traditional crafts and the traditional architectural . First , residents along Lee Tung Street mad e use of the buildings to establish a local printing industry . They used the front part of the building as their shops , while the back was used as the printing workshops .A cluster of wedding card printing shops soon sprang up and turned Lee Tung Street into a well-known print merchandising hub which is part of the collective memory of Hong Kong people . The local cultural will gradually vanish along with the redevelopment . Different traditional shops and food stalls will be replaced with monotonous chain stores and shops , undermining cultural diversity . Next , although the old buildings on Lee Tung Street are not of special historical value , very few of those buildings in the architectural style of the 50s and 60s are left .Destroy a cultural is easy , but establish a cultural is not a easy job . Redevelopment Lee Tung Street will destroy Hong Kong local cultural . Some people might assert that after the redevelopment of Lee Tung Street , it can has a better use of land for o thers sustainable development . And the better facilities can solve the poor hygiene and the pollution problems . However , after the redevelopment , the buildings will changed from mainly six-storey Chinese-styled tenement buildings to high-rise buildings . The residents will more and more .Then , the density of Lee Tung Street will much increased . Also , the redevelopment project include building new shopping malls . That means Lee Tung Street will become a tourist spot like Causeway Bay . As we all know , Causeway Bay ‘s air pollution problem is the most serious in Hong Kong . Are we going to forgo our environmental problem? Redevelop Lee Tung Street not only affect the local residents , but also all the Hong Kong people . The losses for redevelopment project are more than the benefits . Therefore , it is a wrong decision to redevelop Lee Tung Street . ( End )

Network management and the changing milieu

A ‘network’ can be described as â€Å"a system used to link two or more computers.† [1]There are network connections that are used in the process: (1) the physical connections, which pertain to the medium that are used in sharing files, programs, etc.; and (2) the logical connections, which pertain to the protocols used in sharing files, programs, etc.[2]   However, in order to share and open files, messages, programs, and/or devices, a network needs proper management for its three layers of the application software, network software, and network hardware to work accurately and efficiently.   This paper will revolve around network management, its importance to the society, the state of network management nowadays, and how information systems like networks can be managed more effectively in the future.Network management is â€Å"the activities, methods, procedures, and tools that pertain to the operation, administration, maintenance, and provisioning of networ ked systems.†[3]   There are certain significant functions that are used in managing a particular network, and these should include each of the following: (1) controlling, (2) planning, (3) allocating, (4) deploying, (5) coordinating, and (6) monitoring.[4]There can also be the use of some access methods (e.g., SNMP, CLIs, XML) as well as schemes (e.g., WBEM, CIM), which support the transition of certain mechanisms that are used in network management.   By using the term ‘mechanism’ we refer to the managing of the agents, synthetic monitoring, the logs of activity, as well as the real user monitoring.[5]   Yet Cisco Systems, Inc. has defined network management more specifically as â€Å"a service that employs a variety of tools, applications, and devices to assist human network managers in monitoring and maintaining networks.†[6]Despite the reliability of connecting computer applications and programs nowadays, the functioning of these devices is also being influenced by the characteristics of other protocols, other connections, and other devices, which may not always be perfect.   There are crucial elements that go in between the processing of networking, which may hinder or delay the progression of the activity or service.   For this reason, it is very important that network management is strictly and sufficiently organized, maintained, planned, and monitored, especially that networks are not always perfectly controlled, and that there are reliable as well unreliable networks that influence the transmission of data given a specific environment.Companies in the 21st century usually go for 99.9% availability when it comes to network management.[7]   As stated in the Encarta Encyclopedia, â€Å"Networks are subject to hacking, or illegal access, so shared files and resources must be protected.†[8]   Certain techniques may include data encryption and authentication schemes, especially when dealing with issues that in clude privacy and protection of rights.   Others bend more on the purpose of autopolling network devices or generating certain topology that generates improvement.It is said that the three most important elements of networks should include having â€Å"the lowest latency, highest capacity, and maximum reliability despite intermittent features and limited bandwidth.†[9]   While data is reorganized and transformed into smaller frames, packets, and segments, there are certain significant factors that affect the transmission of the data: first is latency or the time span of delivery; second is packet loss inside the intermediate devices; third is retransmission that leads to delays; fourth and final is throughput or the amount of traffic within a network.[10]   For this, network management appears to be the critical key in making sure that the network functions well despite failures, attacks, and the inconsistencies that are mostly crucial in any type of society or network. Nowadays, network management is set more on the use of certain protocols like the use of ‘Simple Network Management Protocol’ or SNMP, or the use of ‘Common Management Information Protocol’ or CMIP.[11]   Since the 1980s, when there was â€Å"tremendous expansion in the area of network deployment,†[12] and companies went into the trend of building and expanding their networks from different types of network technologies, organizations saw the need for an automated network management that could be functional in diverse situations and environments in certain occasions inside and outside the country.The improved basic structure that has then been used was usually composed of a set of relationships that follow a specific paradigm: end stations or managed devices, which run the specific software, which alerts the staffs (through computers) whenever problems, inconsistencies, or emergencies arise.[13]   It may also include certain end poll stations tha t check other specific variables through automatic or user-initiated polling, and where certain ‘agents’—or managed devices—respond and store data, which the management staff of a network system produces through protocols.   The state of network management revolves in an architecture that links all the computers through a management entity that connects the rest of the agents with the use of a proxy server, in the management database of the device.With all these, James McKeen insisted in his book entitled ‘Making IT Happen: Critical Issues in Managing Information Technology’ that there is a rapid, changing role in the IT milieu: the two forces of relentless business pressures and rapidly evolving technology landscape,[14] which both bring greater risks within a changing technology environment around the globe.   Thus, it is evident that information systems, such as networks, can be managed more effectively in the future by producing better , faster, more agile architectures and functions that can break through beyond these two forces of change.BIBLIOGRAPHYâ€Å"Chapter 6: Network Management Basics.† Internetworking Technology Handbook, no.1-58765-001-3 (2006). Database on-line. Available from Cisco Systems, Inc.McKeen, James D. Making IT Happen: Critical Issues in Managing Information Technology. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003.â€Å"Network (computer systems).† Encarta Encyclopedia (2007): 1-2. Database on-line. Available from MSN Encarta.â€Å"Network Management.† Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia (2008). Database on-line. Available from the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. database.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Network Performance Management.† Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia (2008). Database on-line. Available from the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. database.[1] â€Å"Network (computer science),† Encarta Encyclopedia (2007) [database on-line]; available from MSN Encarta, p. 1of 2. [2] Ibid. [3] â€Å"Network M anagement,† Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia (2008) [database on-line]; available from the Wikimedia Foundation, Incorporated database. [4] Ibid. [5] Ibid. [6] â€Å"Chapter 6: Network Management Basics,† Internetworking Technology Handbook (2006) [database on-line]; available from Cisco Systems, Inc, accession number 1-58765-001-3, p. 1 of 6. [7] Internetworking Technology Handbook, 1. [8] Encarta Encyclopedia, 2. [9] â€Å"Network Performance Management,† Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia (2008) [database on-line]; available from the Wikimedia Foundation, Incorporated database. [10] Ibid. [11] Ibid, 2. [12] Internetworking Technology Handbook, 1. [13] Ibid. [14] James D. McKeen, Making IT Happen: Critical Issues in Managing Information Technology (England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003), 1.