Nazi and Vatican WWII Relations

Primary Facts Holy See/ Vatican (seat of the Roman Catholic Church) and   Germany forged relations in July 20, 1933 known as the Concordat of the Reich Concordat. Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (who later became Pope Pius XII in 1939) and Germany’s Vice Chancellor Franz Von Papen were the Instrumental figures in the agreement. Witnessed by Msgr. Giovanni Montini (later became Pope Paul VI) and Ludwig Kaas (leader of Germany’s Catholic Center Party). Pope Pius XI and Hitler approved the Concordat but were not in attendance. Prior to this Concordat, the Catholic bishops were active in denouncing Nazism. 1. Prior to WWII Original reasons for the concordat (Vatican) Generous financial assistance to German Catholic Schools(Alvarez and Graham) Prior Concordat treaties were made with other nations like Bavaria in 1925; Prussia in 1929; and Baden in 1932 Autonomy of ecclesiastical institutions and their activities (Alvarez and Graham: 1997: 3) Establish better footing in Protestant-controlled Germany Prevent the spread of communism using Nazism as a bulwark Joint Agreement with the Nazi party for the Church’s protection Other vested interests Original Reason for the Concordat (Germany) To silence the Catholic bishops’ persistent denouncing on the spread of Nazism. Gain the church’s approval and international recognition Establish the trustworthiness and reliability of the Nazi regime. Ensure the rise of Nazism, unopposed Soften the Catholic Church’s opposition to socialism by relying on the power of the pope over the congregation based on the Canon law. Establish power over the German churches. Endorse the Nazi ideology on divided German priests Other vested interests Negative Effects of the Concordat on the Roman Catholic Church Hitler established in 1935 a Ministry of Church Affairs to oversee church movements and placed churches under administrative control. Nazism was actively taught in schools which included â€Å"a salute† to Nazi officers. Anti-Semitism was fanned as Jewish-hate propaganda was endorsed by the Nazi regime. German priests were taught that Nazism reasserts the values of religion. Religious activities were barred outside places of worship. Authority of the Roman Catholic Church was questioned Reduction of vocations to the priesthood by encouraging men to marry Increasing hostility as Hitler decided not to honor the pact. Notes: Pope Pius XI started condemning the Nazi party but died shortly before he could deliver a blunt message to the public in 1939. Barely a month after, Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli assumed the papacy as Pope Pius XII as the wartime pope. War broke out in September of the same year. There are rumors presented by Cardinal Tisserant that Pope Pius XI was murdered a few hours before he was to deliver a message condemning Germany. 2.   During the War The Vatican Ended Pius XI’s ban on Action Francaise which is an anti-Semitic organization Denied knowledge on reported atrocities committed by the Nazi party against Jews. Conciliatory policy of silence despite reports from bishops and other foreign dignitaries. Did not denounce the humanitarian problem of the Jews and other marginalized sectors in Europe. Refused to acknowledge any knowledge of the crimes against humanity. Never excommunicated Hitler. Remain mum and allowed genocide of the Jews. Reasons for upholding the Concordat and silence despite Germany ignoring it Pressured into silence by Germany’s privileged information gathering on the Vatican Believed that Nazism could work against communist movement Germany questioned the neutrality of the Vatican Fear of offending Germany and loosing support. Protection of the church properties and interest during the war Protection of assets and interests Veiled endorsement of anti-Semitism Results: Hitler’s refusal to honor the terms in the Concordat allowed the worst genocide in the history of mankind among Jews and other marginalized sectors in Europe. Properties were looted, women and children subjected to punishment and executions along with men. Treatment of men like common criminals or animals without legal consequences; mass murders of Jews with the supreme effort to eradicate their bloodline.               

Psychometrics Validty and elaiability

Contents Introduction The selection of employees is one of the most significant tasks a human resources practitioner Is faced with. This affects the flow of employees entering and exiting the firm. Many Issues may arise If the recruiting process Is not In accordance with the South African Legislation, namely the Employment equity act and the labor relations act, which governs the reliability validity, bias and fairness of psychometric assessment measures.These legislations have been brought about to protect employees against discrimination and unfair practices which were experienced urine the previous dispensations. In accordance to the terms of the provisions of Section 8 of the Employment Equity Act (55 of 1998) â€Å"Psychological testing and other similar assessments of an employee are prohibited unless the test or assessment being used (a) has been scientifically shown to be valid and reliable; (b) can be applied fairly to all employees; and (c) is not biased against any emplo yee or group†.The psychological measuring instrument we have chosen in accordance with HAPS is the PAIL B. The Ability Processing of Information and Learning Battery (PAIL-B) will e critically evaluated within this essay. This psychometric assessments battery can therefore assist recruiters who use these measures to identify employees who have the potential to grow and learn with In organizations.Furthermore It should be noted that the PAIL B Is a cognitive measure and Is not only used for recruitment and selection in organizations, but can also be used for selection into schools, universities and other areas. Hence, this essay will report the PAIL B through the following headings namely evaluating the PAIL B, Composition of the PAIL B, Validity, Reliability, Bias and Limitations.Evaluating the PAIL B According to Foxtrot and Rood (201 3), It Is an assessment practitioner's duty to evaluate the Information offered about a measure and determine whether it Is valid and reliable for its intended purpose. Foxtrot and Rood (2013), further state that for evaluating a measure, some of the things that an assessment practitioner should consider are: how long ago it was developed; quality of manual contents; clarity of instructions and cultural appropriateness.First conceptualized in 1994 by T. R Taylor, the PAIL B – Ability, Processing of Information and Learning Battery- (Taylor, n. . ), was designed as a set of tests with the purpose of assessing ones vital cognitive capableness. In order for the assessment to be most effective It should be administered on individuals with individuals with a minimum of twelve years educational background (Taylor, n. D. ).The PAIL B is ideal for identifying those who are likely to master new cognitively challenging content in a training context and establishing levels in order to place people in the correct positions. Taylor (n. D. ), has identified three norms that the PAIL B makes use of, namely: stained (scale of 1 â⠂¬â€œ 9) ; tens are used in the Flexibility-Accuracy-speed Tests (FAST), stained are used in the concept formation test; the memory test and Knowledge transfer test while percentiles are used in the curve of learning test.According to Taylor (n. D. ), the PAIL B is divided into five test booklets and two ancillary booklets which make up eight scores namely: Abstract thinking; Speed of information processing; accuracy of information processing; cognitive flexibility; Performance gain in a learning task; final level of proficiency; Memory and understanding and Transfer of knowledge, which ill take approximately three hours and forty five minutes to administer.Composition PAIL Battery Concept formation test This test was designed to assess one's ability to â€Å"think abstractly and conceptually: to form abstract concepts, reason hypothetically, theories, build scenarios (and) trace causes† (Taylor, p. 4, n. D. ). The test is comprised of thirty questions; each consisting of six depictions of similar nature the test taker must identify the depiction that does not share a characteristic that the rest of the depictions share (Taylor, n. D. ). Flexibility-Accuracy-speed Tests (FAST) Taylor (n. D. Suggests that â€Å"this battery within a battery measures speed (quickness) and accuracy of information processing, and cognitive flexibility'. The FAST test is made up of four individual assessments namely: Series; Mirror image; Transformations and combined tests. All four assessments are time sensitive and have been designed in such a way that it is very rare for a test taker to actually complete the entire assessment. It uses shapes of different sizes which may contain either a dot or line in the center. The basic idea of the tests is to identify a pattern and find the omitted depiction.Curve of learning According to Taylor (n. D. ), this test focuses on a learning potential, it aims to assess ones capacity at which they are able to master new skills. It looks a t future achievement potential rather than the abilities that the person already has. The test is split into four timed sessions which requires the test taker to decode a series of paired images into another set of images and once again decode these images to a set of words. Images are decoded with the aid of the first ancillary booklet, the dictionary.Memory test Directly after the test taker has completed the curve of learning test, the memory test s administered. It follows the same concept as the curve of learning where the test takers are required to decode images to words; however the dictionary is now taken away. The performance of the test taker on this test reflects the extent to which the test taker has understood the logical relation between the symbols and words. Knowledge transfer test According to Ferguson (1956, as cited in Taylor, n. D. ), transferring knowledge and skills to similar areas or situations is a vital process of cognitive development.The knowledge transf er test, as the name suggests, measures this ability. The test insists of a series of connected depictions referred to as â€Å"pieces of equipment† (Taylor, p. 19, n. D. ), which have a specific feature in addition to a basic shape. The test taker is required to categorize them under symbols. Test takers are also given the second ancillary booklet. Validity established to ensure that the test is valid for the purpose it is to be used for. Foxtrot and Rood (2013) state that the â€Å"the validity of a measure concerns what the test measures and how well it does so†.In the studies consulted it has been evident that construct and criterion validity were shown to be present in the PAIL B assessment. The construct validity of a measure is the extent to which it measures the theoretical construct or trait that it is supposed to measure (Foxtrot & Rood 2013). The second validation measure of criterion validity was defined by Paella and Wren (2005) who stated that â€Å"Crit erion-Related Validity is used to predict future or current performance†. The method that used to determine criterion related validity is predictive validity.Murphy and Adversaries (2005) define predictive validity as a method of determining criterion validity. It also used to determine the correlation of test takers test score and there criterion related scores. Taylor (1995) investigated the validity on the SOFT, where he gave the measure to 33 first-year university students who had been accepted into the university on merits other than their grade twelve results. Taylor correlated the marks from their SOFT assessments and the marks of the course they took; which were to improve their logical thinking and reasoning skills. Therefore the correlation was 0. 4 (p = 0. 012). Taylor (1995, as cited in Astrakhan, 1998) found in another study which investigated the validity on the Curve of Learning and Memory and Understanding tests was inducted using a sample of 110 workers from a beverage manufacturing firm. The criteria for evaluating workers included facets such as their capacity to learn new procedures and concepts, to understand why things happen in the firm as a whole, and their capacity to plan and organism. These results averaged correlations of 0. 35. The low correlation can be attributed to the fact that a diverse sample was not used.A further study by Taylor (1995) found criterion scores which was given to 43 employees who were enrolled in a course designed to prepare them for a promotion in Junior management positions. The correlations here were reported to be 0. 67 and 0. 79 respectively, which can be interrupted to prove to be an recreate predictor of performance. In an additional study conducted by Lopes, Rood and Maier (2001) on the predictive validity of the PAIL-B in a financial institution; the purpose was to assess the predictive validity of the PAIL test battery, in order to identify learning potential.A sample of 235 successful Job appl icants were used to complete the test battery and found the predictive validity of the test battery was assessed using a canonical discriminate analysis procedure. The procedure was adopted in view of the nominal strength of the manager's ratings, and due to the limited sample size the 5 point rating scale was eventually collapsed too 2 point classification. Reliability It should be noted that an assessment is reliable if it measures the same construct in a consistent and precise manner over time.Foxtrot and Rood (2009) define reliability of a measure as â€Å"the consistency to which it measures whatever it measures†. Split – half reliability was a major psychometric property of reliability used among majority of the literature we consulted. In the PAIL B, (Taylor 1995) elucidates that split half reliability was used to investigate whether or not the PAIL-B is reliable. Foxtrot and Rood (2013, p. 47) define split-half reliability as â€Å"obtained by splitting the me asure into two equivalents (after a single administration of the test) and computing the correlation coefficient between these two sets of scores†.During Taylor' investigations into the reliability of the PAIL B, he used a sample of six groups to test reliability coefficient of the flexibility, accuracy and speed test and the knowledge transfer test. These have reliability coefficients room a low of 0. 70 – too high of 0. 86 and 0. 71 – 0. 84 respectively Taylor (1995). In a study done by the defense force which lasted over a period of three years with new recruits. The purpose was to determine whether the psychometric evaluation processes can reliably predict the learning potential of first year recruits at the academy.The FAST considered the following; firstly, the PAIL B investigated whether the FAST has a positive effect on how quickly recruits learn new abilities. It was found that a significant relationship with a reliability coefficient of (r=O,491) exists between legibility of information processing and steepness of the learning curve. This therefore is below the accepted reliability coefficient of Secondly, it was found that a strong relationship with a reliability coefficient of is apparent between speed of information processing and the total amount of work completed by the recruits.Lastly, it was determined that the small relationship with a reliability coefficient of exists between accuracy of information processing and steepness of the learning curve. This therefore is below the accepted reliability coefficient of However, the results concluded that three components of the FAST, are accurate in predicting how quickly new recruits in the defense force will develop new competencies. The findings also further indicated that the accuracy with which information is processed has a minimal influence on the rate a recruit will develop new competencies (Preterits 2010).In terms of the knowledge transfer test which investigated if there was a transfer of knowledge to crystallized abilities. Meaning it investigated if there was a transfer of what the recruits learnt and how they apply it in combat situations. Preterits (2010) defines crystallized abilities as â€Å"are peccadillo insight or understanding and knowledge that emerge via transfer from existing knowledge and that is subsequently, successfully stored in memory'. The Memory and Understanding sub-test of the PAIL-B was used to measure crystallized ability of recruits.It was found that a positive relationship exists between the transferring of knowledge in what the recruit learnt and crystallized abilities. The reliability coefficient was reported as a positive directional relationship between transfer of knowledge and crystallized abilities. A substantial relationship with a liability coefficient of 5) exists between memory and understanding and crystallized abilities. This therefore suggests that a moderate correlation exists.In terms of the curve of lea rning, it was found that prior learning has a positive directional effect on learning performance thus the results indicate a substantial relationship and moderate correlation with a reliability coefficient of In concluding with this study, it can be said that the defense force's use of the PAIL B (Preterits 2010). A De Geode and Thereon (2010) study concurred with Preterits (2010) where a non- arability sample of 434 new recruits from the South African Police Service Training College in Philipp, Cape Town was used.Even though the size of the selected sample is quite acceptable, making use of a non-probability sampling of the target population, caution should be taken when making generalizations. De Geode and Thereon (2010), found that a score of reliability score of (r= 0. 45). This suggests that a question mark hangs over the success with which at least some of the concealed variables comprising the results of the learning potential police recruits. Standard Error of Measurement F oxtrot and Rood (2013, p. 49), â€Å"explain that the standard error of measurement indicates the band of error around each obtained score, and examiners should aware of the standard error of measurement for each subtest before interpreting the test – takers score†. Therefore, assessors must be cognizant of the test takers history and current circumstances. Factors such as culture, transient conditions, prior learning and test wishes can have an impact on the variance between the true score (obtained under perfect conditions) and the obtained score.Preterits (2010) outlines hat prior learning of an individual and their familiarity with taking assessment has a significant impact on their ability to perform in test conditions. While Dodos (2000) was of the view that a testes culture as well as environmental factors will also affect the scores of the historically disadvantaged people of South Africa. Bias Prior (2011) explains that bias â€Å"implies that test scores obt ained for various subgroups of a given population cannot be interpreted in the same way across the groups†.Taylor (1995) suggests PAIL-B was designed as a learning potential test and therefore emits any biased based on cultural differences. This is a result of the test being a non-verbal test, except for the instructions, and the test comprises of mainly geometric depictions thus language does not become an issue of concern. Astrakhan (2008) concurs with Taylor (1995) in a study conducted with a sample of 400 individuals, 66 testes had African surnames while the large majority can be classified as white.The data analysis for both race groups were highly correlated indicating that there is no potential for bias. However, it should be kept in mind that his was not a representative sample. Further studies were consulted to investigate the potential bias in the PAIL B. A sample of 20 psychological professionals from various fields, were asked to investigate the cultural bias of th e PAIL-B; found that 6 out of the 20 felt that the test was bias (Dodos 2000). Thus, it can be stated that there is a potential for bias based on one's culture.Similarly, Preterits (2010) concurs with Dodos as he found that the PAIL B was accused of being biased and under representing the cognitive capacity of individuals from historically disadvantaged backgrounds. Thus, in order to bring recruitment practices in line with legislation in the Employment Equity act, these tests was subsequently replaced with a selection battery thought to be less susceptible to culture, race and gender bias. This resulted in the measure being removed from use in the context of the defense force.Limitations of the PAIL B diverse enough for the representative target population. This is further verified by Astrakhan (2008), who also did not make use of a diverse sample. Therefore based on the literature from these authors, it is evident that accurate conclusions cannot be ran indicating that there are l imitations in the above studies. Conclusion In the end the results show that, the PAIL-B is able to predict the performance of individuals not only in certain institutions but for any selection at an accurate level and therefore makes the battery a vital instrument to use.It is evident that the PAIL- B is a somewhat outdated measure but still proves to be valid and reliable in measuring cognitive abilities today. However, caution could be taken when administering the PAIL-B, as some authors have found that bias is present in historically disadvantaged groups. This essay therefore reported on the PAIL B through evaluation of the PAIL B, Composition of the PAIL B, Validity, Reliability, Bias and Limitations. Recommendations Firstly, it should be noted that the PAIL B is an outdated selection battery.In order for organizations to make fair decisions in line with the Employment Equity Act, a more relevant battery needs to be considered. Secondly, it should also not be used in its indivi dual capacity within the recruitment and selection process and is it advisable to be used in harmony with other valid information such as candidates' curriculum it's and other test results. Thirdly, the use of the PAIL can be considered bias in instances where people from different cultures and race groups are affected.In addition, Astrakhan (2008), De Geode and Thereon (2010), should make use of a more representative sample in order to draw conclusions about the reliability of their studies. Lastly, we also propose that measures within the battery not require such strict prior learning criteria as these have been shown to bias the historically disadvantaged individuals who have not had exposure to prior learning. Reference List psychometric test administrators toward the PAIL B as a culture fair assessment with special reference to the employment equity act.

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Environmental Factors That Affect the Mode of Dispersal in Plants Essay

Environmental Factors That Affect the Mode of Dispersal in Plants - Essay Example As a matter of fact, the degree with which dispersal influences community composition, holding other processes constant, remains an open question to be explored in the realms of academia. In an attempt to address this question, this paper examines the extent to which environmental conditions impacts on the variation in community composition, with reference to plants, visa viz spatial patterns found in the different habitats. Noteworthy from the onset, spatial distribution patterns of both plants and animal species are oftentimes attributed to dispersal limitation (Tuomisto, Ruokolainen and Yli-Halla 242; Cottenie 1177). By definition, dispersal refers to an ecological process resulting into a shift of location by an individual away from the population/location of origin, with the eventual effect of setting forth a new reproduction lineage distant apart from the mother organism. In plants, ‘dispersal’’ generally mean the process of seed relocation from a mother pla nt to a destination site. It represents the first step of plant colonization, which also encompasses establishment processes; that is, germination survival and plant growth (Vittoz, and Engler 112). The most common forms of dispersal include natal dispersal-initial movement of given species from the original location (birth site) to new locations; Adult dispersal-this entails shifting from the location of birth after attaining reproductive maturity, and usually involves species’ movement from one habitat to another; and gamete dispersal, which is mostly a common dispersal mode for adult individuals with non-motile characteristics, such as plants. New site relocation is almost a usual event in the life cycle of many plants and considered an aspect of adaption traits to certain habitats. Given the distinguishing characteristic of limited mobility, plants basically rely upon a number of dispersal vectors, both abiotic and biotic, to transport their propagules, from one location to the next (Carr, Robertson, Platt and Peet 1606). These propagules can either be dispersed away from their birth site individually or collectively in both space and time. The patterns of plant dispersal modes, by and large, depend on the dispersal mechanism, which in turn has important implications on the ultimate demographic and genetic distribution of plant populations within a particular habitat. There are quite a number of environmental factors that play crucial roles in the process of plant propagules dispersal processes. An important fact to note is the fact that some plants are utterly serotinous and only respond to certain environmental stimuli to shed off some of their offspring for a new beginning. Plants disseminules, in particular, comprise of seeds, fruits, and spores, all of which bear distinct modifications for relocation away from the parent plants by means of the ever available environmental kinetic energy. In fact, the distance traveled by a single disseminule is determined by the velocity as well as direction of movement taken by the agent causing the dispersion. Flying animals, water currents, and winds fall into the category of successful agents capable of carrying out long-distance passive dispersal. Light hairy seeds and fruits are easily and efficiently carried by the wind. Good examples are the Hypochaeris radicata (Asteraceae) seeds, which possess unique modifications allowing its

Ehtnographic Study paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Ehtnographic Study paper - Essay Example Regarding the students in the entire school, these students’ ethnic background(s), language(s), ages, educational level of community members, behavioral norms and values, and socioeconomic statuses will be evaluated and thoroughly analyzed. Here we will analyze primarily the students in the entire school, with a philosophy of diversity centering upon the particular class. The ethnic mix of the learners, both in the class and in the school, is diverse. The school’s student body is predominantly African-American, although there are small amounts of other races present in the student body. The school used to be more racially diverse years ago. Regarding students’ socioeconomic status, this is diverse as well. The SES of the learners at this high school is varied, but a lot of the students tend to come from backgrounds with socioeconomically disadvantaged status. The primary language spoken is English, and in some cases, Ebonics (although not formally recognized by some as a bona fide language) is widely spoken by the student body. The type of community surrounding the school is in the city. Therefore, this school is an urban school. This school has special populations (special education, ESL/ELL, gifted). This school has a comprehensive special education program. Moreover, however, it has a large gifted population in its 7th-12th grade program. A certain percentage of the 7th and 8th graders in the Gifted program remain to go on for high school there, so there is that factor to consider, too. It is a keystone of any teacher’s philosophy of diversity that the classroom be a place of inclusiveness—whether students be Black, white, Latino, Asian, Native American, or of mixed race(s) or races not named here, and be of whatever socioeconomic status, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or cultural affiliation—that students feel that they are equals in the classroom regardless of

Blood Clotting Essay Example for Free

Blood Clotting Essay Coagulation, or thrombogenesis, is the process by which blood clots in an attempt to restrict blood loss from an injury site, and repair the damaged vessel. Most of the time clotting is a good thing, however there are circumstances when a clot can form abnormally, leading to heart attack, stroke, or other serious medical problems. A blood clot forms almost immediately after the bleeding occurs, which is possible through enzymes and other substances in blood that respond to breaks in vessel walls. The clot is a temporary fix preventing further blood loss. There are four major parts of blood clot formation. The first step in clotting is the formation of the platelet plug. Platelets are the smallest of the three major types of blood cells whose primary function is to prevent bleeding. When encountering a damaged blood vessel, the platelets become stimulated and rush to the injury site where they clump together, forming a plug and restricting the bleeding. They also release substances to begin the chemical reaction of the clotting process. These chemical reactions are responsible for growing the blood clot. Dissolved proteins, also referred to as clotting factors, are contained within the blood for the purpose of promoting blood clots. These proteins send signals to each other and enhance each other’s activity exponentially at the site of injury, resulting in a rapid chemical chain reaction which produces fibrin, the main protein forming clots. This blood clot formed with fibrin is tougher and more durable than the platelet plug. Once the blood clot forms, it is important that it not grow and spread to the rest of the body, which can cause serious damage. This is where â€Å"anti-clotting† comes in to play. Proteins such as antithrombin, protein C, and protein S, are known anti-clotting proteins and exist in a natural balance with the clotting factors. These substances work to neutralize excess clotting factors, preventing the clot from going to places it should not. The final part of the process is where the clot is slowly broken down by the body. Once the damaged tissue heals, the body gradually degrades the clot and reabsorbs it. The tough fibrin strands in a blood clot are dissolved by an enzyme called plasmin. Plasmin is activated by other substances working together to help the clot break down. The whole process of blood clotting is whenever the blood is exposed to certain substances. These are known as thrombogenic substances because they promote the formation of thrombus (clot). Many of these substances, such as tissue factor, collagen, and von Willebrand factor, are located in the skin or in the blood vessel walls, typically separated from flowing blood. If they come into contact with flowing blood, this typically means the blood vessel wall is ruptured and bleeding. A clot may also form when blood is not flowing properly. http://www.hematology.org/patients/blood-disorders/blood-clots/5233.aspx http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blood-clots

How to Motivate Student in Their Academic Essay Example for Free

How to Motivate Student in Their Academic Essay I. INTRODUCTION Motivation is the combination of desire, values, and beliefs that drives you to take action. These three motivating factors are at the root of why people act the way they do. Because they ultimately control values, beliefs, and desires, it can influence motivations. This means, if you consider something important and assign value to it, you are more likely to do the work it takes to attain a certain goal. When motivation originates from an internal source and combined with a realistic goal and circumstance, the result of a good outcome or output are greatly increased. II. MAIN DISCUSSION To understand what motivates them, they need to know what is important to them. Consider issues such as family, relationships, learning or school, grades, work, aspirations, achievement, money, social causes, social life, following a dream, and many more. Students goals and desires grow from their values and beliefs. Once they have made their personal list, they begin to think about how the items relate to one another. These issues and relationships are always alive inside of them. By becoming consciously aware of their selves, they can begin to modify, control and understand their selves. Judging the quality and depth of their motivation is important, because it is directly related to their commitment. Often students find that they want a good academic outcome, but they cant seem to make it happen. Sometimes, this gap occurs when there is a clash between what they are striving for a good academic outcome/degree and what they would rather be doing in following a dream. It’s fo r values, beliefs, and desires to be in conflict, it is important to recognize when they are and act appropriately on this information. III. MY POINT OF VIEW One of the keys to college success is having a realistic view of strengths and weaknesses. Do an informal assessment of abilities. Reflect on what they have learned about themself in the past from classroom experiences, conversations with teachers and advisors, standardized tests, projects and activities, and outside activities. Consider specifically their reading, writing, oral communication, interpersonal, and analytic skills. An accurate and honest assessment of their abilities is essential. It prevents them from under-estimating or over-estimating their skills and directs toward attainable and appropriate goals. Having an accurate direction is important in maintaining motivation. Knowing what their value and desire, along with an assessment of their strengths and weaknesses, makes it possible to establish personal goals. Most students already have a mix of short-term and long-term goals in mind for themselves. Students often are aiming towards a particular test, project, class, grade point, degree, graduate program, professional school, or career. These are often complemented by other goals such as living a healthy lifestyle, maintaining personal integrity, volunteering, working, nurturing relationships, or growing as a person. It is not unusual for short-term goals to support long-term goals. IV. CONCLUSION Once I have set goals that match my beliefs, values and desires, I should be in position to act on them successfully. However, my motivation can be undermined if I fail to consider my circumstances or if my circumstances change, but my goals dont. A goal may match my values that I want to earn a degree in Tourism and may be realistically set that I want to do it in 4 years when I began my academic journey, but may need modification and readjustment as time passes. If I earned grades lower than I expected to, I may need to lighten my course load or adjust my work and leisure hours. A loss of interest might mean my need to explore other majors. Changes in relationships or family make-up can also introduce new constraints on my plan. Unfortunately, when circumstances change, students are often unwilling to make related adjustments in their self-expectations. In this case, I as a student rarely perform up to the expectations, become frustrated, and lose motivation. However, motivation and performance can be maintained when personal circumstance is taken into. Students who are willing to redefine their goals to account for their changed circumstances can remain motivated and on the path to success. Motivation, goals, and circumstance are all related to success. I can increase the odds of my success by first, defining what is important to me, establishing goals based on these values, desires, and beliefs, and finally, tailoring my achievement expectations to match my circumstances. If I fail in any of these steps, I will undercut my motivation, fail to work up to my abilities, and diminish my chances of success. V. ANALYSIS Be realistic is setting your goals and always consider your circumstances. When goals arent realistic or when circumstances conspire against you, it is important to adjust. A student who comes to college with the goal of expecting to earn a tourism degree in 4 years, but finds the work more difficult than he anticipated may need to adjust his time frame in order to achieve his goal. Likewise, if this same student found that he needed to work to support his college costs or took on greater family responsibilities, it might be similarly necessary for him to adjust his goals as well. When goals are realistic and match desires, you will be motivated. When youre motivated and work hard towards your goals, you will succeed. When you succeed, your motivation will grow, you will set new goals, and continue to achieve.

Prevention of Adductor Muscle Contraction During TURBt

Prevention of Adductor Muscle Contraction During TURBt Effectiveness of Spinal anesthesia combined with Obturator nerve block in the prevention of adductor muscle contraction during Trans-Urethral Resection of Bladder tumor (TURBt) in Razy University Hospital in Rasht (2012-2013) Cyrus Emir Alavi MD[1], Siavash Falahatkar MD2, Siamak Rimaz MD4, Mohammadreza Naghipour MD3, Mehdi Jafari MD5, Koshrang Hossein MD1, Alaeddin Asgari MD2Ç‚ Nadia Rastjou Herfeh B.S6 Assistant Professor, Anesthesiology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences Professor of Urology, Urology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences Anesthesiologist, Anesthesiology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences Anesthesiology Resident, Anesthesiology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences Urology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences Ç‚Co-responder Author Introduction (final) Bladder cancer is the fifth most common human malignancy and after prostate cancer. It is the second most frequent genitourinary tumor. (1) Spinal anesthesia is the technique of choice for Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), since it enables early recognition of symptoms caused by over hydration, transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) syndrome, and bladder perforation. (2)Since the patients are diagnosed with bladder cancer, aged 65 and over, due to long-term smoking, these patients have underlying pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease and diabetes(3,4) ,so choosing General anesthesia for preventing complications such as Obturator nerve stimulation and bladder perforation is a significant risk factor for this mentioned group.Although spinal anesthesia provides optimal anesthesia, pelvic floor relaxation and perineal laxity, Jerking of Obturator nerve motor would not be prevented by spinal anesthesia(5).So for the urologic surgeries, Obturator nerve block (ONB) for suppressing the Obturator reflex during transurethral resection of lateral bladder wall has been prevalently used(6) .in the case of direct stimulation of resectors, there would be a sudden , tempestuous adductor muscle contraction.This is potentially risky, which can cause an increase in the risk of serious complications for example Bladder wall perforation, incomplete tumor resection, vessel laceration, and Obturator hematomas.(7,8,9) Although this procedure is not morbidity-free, the reports of potential complications are few. (10 ,11,12) While hemorrhage is common, bladder perforation is perhaps one of the scariest complications with an incidence of 0.9% to 5%. (12,13) the most important symptoms are disability in bladder distension, abdominal distension and tachycardia. (14) Significant bladder perforation during TURBT for various reasons should be concerned. First, if prior to completion of resection, the perforation would be discovered, retained cancer in the bladder would be the consequence of such imposed termination of surgery. Second, cancer cells can distribute by means of the opening in the detrusor, and the risk of pelvic or remote disease recurrence would be increased. And the last one, immediate intravesical chemotherapy after TURBT for lessening the risk of recurrence is recommended by the updated European Association of Urology and American Urological Association guidelines. (15) Since Obturator nerve (ON) stimulation during resection of tumors is located in the inferior portion of the bladder and lateral wall of the urinary bladder would Increase the risk of bladder rupture. (14) There are different strategic options for avoiding these complications during transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) such as adopting general anesthesia with muscle relaxants, lessening the intensity of the current of the resectoscope, using laser resistors, Obturator nerve blockade (ONB), etc. Selective ONB along with regional anesthesia may be efficient to avert adductor spasm (16,17) As few studies adopted Obturator nerve block in Preventing Adductor muscle Contraction, which confirmed this method was effective. (18,19) This double-blind, randomized study was undertaken to investigate further and provide more accurate results about Spinal anesthesia combined with Obturator nerve block in Preventing Adductor muscle Contraction and bladder perforation during TUR-BT. Material and method: After the approval of the Guilan university of medical science ethics committees and obtaining written informed consent, 30 patients aged between 60-85 years belonging to ASA physical status III –IV, having inferolateral tumors of the bladder who were scheduled for transurethral resection of bladder tumor were divided into spinal anesthesia (SP) and spinal anesthesia combined with Obturator nerve block (SOB). The exclusion criteria included, patient refusal, advanced cardiac disease, allergy to local anesthetics, pregnancy, patients on anticoagulants or anti-platelet drugs, neurological diseases affecting the central nervous system. In the first group of patients, Spinal anesthesia was performed at L4-L5 interspace with the patients in the sitting position using a 25- gauge needle and 2.5cc of 0.5% Marcaine was injected then the patients were placed in the Trendelenburg position at an angle of 15à ¢- ¦for 5 or 10 minutes. After being sure about the right amount of anesthesia, the patients were placed in a lithotomy position and Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor was carried out. In the second group after placing the patients under the same method of spinal anesthesia, Obturator nerve block was performed using the classical approach in the supine position by an experienced anesthesiologist. For Obturator nerve block, the initial insertion point was determined 1-2 cm caudal and 1-2 cm lateral to the pubic tubercle. A 22-gauge 10-cm nerve stimulator needle was inserted perpendicular from the puncture site in a slightly medial direction until the tip of the needle made contact with the inferior border of the superior pubic ramus and then the needle was redirected further lateral and caudal to be put in the Obturator-channel. The obturator nerve is located 2 to 3 cm of the initial point of contact with the pubic ramus. Nerve stimulation delivered a constant current with a frequency of 1 Hz and a current of 1mA which is maintained throughout the stimulation. After Twitching in the tight adductor muscles, amperage was reduced and the stimulation needle advanced towards the nerve until the first contraction in the adductor muscles with electrical stimulation of (0.3-0.4 mA) occurred. Then after aspiration (to confirm the needle is not in the vessel) 15cc 1% Lidocaine was injected and the patients were placed in the lithotomy position and Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor started. We monitored NIBP, pulse, Spo2, ECG intraoperatively and the patient was observed specially for adductor spasm, bladder perforation during TURBT in both groups. Findings: The subjects of the two groups were comparable with respect to age, sex ratio, location of tumor, ASA class. Since the patients were diagnosed with bladder cancer, aged 65 and over, due to long-term smoking, suffer underlying pulmonary diseases, coronary artery diseases and diabetes, so for preventing complications such as Obturator nerve stimulation and bladder perforation, General anesthesia could not be used. Fishers exact test demonstrated that, there is no significant correlation between sex, Patient Age Group, Location of bladder tumor, ASA class in the two mentioned groups of patients suffering from bladder tumor. (table1). However jerking and surgeon‘s satisfaction with patients’ status in two groups were statistically significant.(P=0. 006) (table1). The obturator nerve block was done in two patients of the spinal anesthesia (SA) group due to severe adductor muscle jerking and severe underlying diseases (asthma or a history of cardiovascular disease). Due to sev ere adductor muscle jerking and not having underlying diseases, general anesthesia was done in two other patients. In three patients in the spinal anesthesia group (SA) leg jerking was slight and during cauterization the problem was resolved by controlling the leg movement.Also, there was no significant correlation between using general anesthesia due to ineffectiveness of regional anesthesia in two groups (P=0.1). (Table 1) Discussion: The endpoints of the current study were to investigate the effectiveness of Obturator nerve block in preventing the Adductor spasms and also to investigate surgeon satisfaction. Spinal anesthesia combined with Obturator nerve block in the prevention of adductor contraction and its related complications during TUR-BT is effective. Spinal anesthesia (SA) combined with Obturator nerve block (SOB) would increase surgeon satisfaction during TURBT surgical procedures. In a study done by Patel et al., he reported that Adductor spasm caused bladder perforation in 2 TUR-BT patients, which spinal anesthesia was applied and one patient was in the need of emergency laparotomy. (19) Interestingly, in our study there was no bladder perforation, which is considered as a result of being very precise and careful about the patients’ Obturator spasm and in the case of observing any sign of spasms the patient ‘s position was changed to Supine and after blocking the Obturator nerve the patie nt would be placed to the previous Lithotomy position. The obturator nerve block can be performed using various methods and techniques. And in our study Obturator nerve block was carried out using the technique described by Labat because the proximal nerve would be blocked and blocking was more effective compared to the inguinal nerve blocking. It should be mentioned that in our study there was no bladder perforation, which can be considered as a result of cautious and meticulous monitoring during the surgery. In a study which TURBT was performed on 50 patients, the patients were divided into two groups, The first group of 25 patients underwent spinal anesthesia, and the second group of 25 patients underwent spinal anesthesia (SA) combined with Obturator nerve block (SOB). In the (SA) group, almost all the patients of group (SA) suffered contraction of the adductor muscles and disturbed the surgeon. But in the spinal anesthesia (SA) combined with Obturator nerve block (SOB) group contraction of the adductor muscles did not occur in most patients. Bladder perforation occurred in two patients in the spinal anesthesia (SA) which lead to Emergency laparoscopic surgery in one patient. The results of the study demonstrated that Obturator nerve blockage is an effective way to prevent adductor muscle spasms and its related complications in patients who are undergoing TUR-BT which is similar to our study.(19) In another study which bladder tumor resection was done on 60 patients aged 18_80 years old with ASA I III ,30 patients were randomized into the spinal anesthesia group (SA) and 30 patients were randomized into the spinal anesthesia (SA) combined with Obturator nerve block (SOB) group. The regional anesthesia was done with 5cc of Levobupivacaine and 5 cc of 0.5% Nacl When the level of sensory block reached T10, adductor muscle spasms were recorded during the surgery.The frequency of adductor muscle spasms and the surgeon satisfactory were assessed. Surgeon satisfaction in the spinal anesthesia (SA) combined with Obtur ator nerve block (SOB) group compared to the spinal anesthesia (SA) was significantly higher (P One of the limitations of our study was a relatively small sample size, caution needs to be applied concerning the generalizability of the research findings and further comprehensive work with larger sample size is suggested. The conclusion of this study showed that Obturator nerve blockage is effective in preventing adductor muscle contractions and its related complications during TURBT surgery and also using spinal anesthesia (SA) combined with Obturator nerve block (SOB) during TURBT surgical procedures would increase the surgeon satisfaction. P value (Number) % of Spinal anesthesia and obturator nerve block (Number) % of spinal anesthesia Variables P=0.83 80%(n=12) 86.7%( 13) Tumor location 6.7%(n=1) 6.7%( 1) 13.3%(n=2) 6.7%( 1) P=1 6.7%(1) 6.7% ASA class 53.3%(8) 53.3%(8) 40%(6) 30%(6) P=0.006 100%(15) 53.3%(8) Surgeon’s satisfaction 0% 46.7%(7) P=0.006 0%(0) 46.7%(7) Movement during operation 100%(15) 53.3%(8) P=0.483 0%(0) 13.3%(2) General anesthesia 100%(15) 86.7%(13) REFERENCES Acute T, Murakami, J, Yoshinaga A. Life-threatening hemorrhage following obturator artery injury during transurethral bladder surgery: a sequel of an unsuccessful obturator nerve block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999;43(7):784-8. Badrinath R. Konety, MD, MBA Peter R. Carroll, MD. Urothelial carcinoma: Cancers of the Bladder, Ureter Renal Pelvis. In: E M I L A. Tango, Jack W.Mc An Inch. Smith’s General Urology. Seventeenth Edition.New York: Mc Graw Hill Inc; 2008:308-327. Castillo-Martin M1, Domingo-Domenech J, Karni-Schmidt O, Matos T, Cordon-Cardo C. Molecular pathways of epithelial development and bladder tumorigenesis. Urol Oncol. 2010;28(4):401-8. Çimentepe E, ÃÅ"nsal A, Bayrak Ãâ€", Koà § A, Akbulut Z. The actual incidence of bladder perforation following transurethral bladder surgery. JUrol 2005;174(6):2260–2263 Collado A, Chechile GE, Salvador J, Vicente J. Early complications of endoscopic treatment for superficial bladder tumors. J Urol 2000;164 (5): 1529–1532 Cuvas O, Basar H , yeygel A , TurkyÄ ±lmaz E, melÄ ±H sunay M. Spinal anesthesia for transurethral resection operations: levobupivacaine with or without fentanylM. E. J. ANESTH 2010; 20(4):547-52. Deliveliotis C, Alexopoulou K, Picramenos D, Econornacos G, Goulandris N, Kostakopoulos A. The contribution of the obturator nerve blocks in the transurethral resection of bladder tumors. Acta Urol Belg. 1995;63:51–4. Edward M. Messing. Urothelial Tumors of the Bladder. In: Campbell –Walsh. Urology. 10th Edition. Philadelphia: SUNDERS ELSEVIER; 2012: 2407-2446. Herkommer K, Hofer C, Gschwend JE, Kron M, Treiber U. Gender and body Mass index as risk factor for bladder perforation during primary Transuretral resection of bladder Tumor. J Urol 2012;187: 1566-70. Jo YY, Choi E, Kil HK. Comparison of the success rate of inguinal approach with a classical pubic approach for obturator nerve block in patients undergoing TURB. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2011;61(2):143-7. Jo YY, Choi E, Kil HK. Comparison of the success rate of inguinal approach with a classical pubic approach for obturator nerve block in patients undergoing TURB. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2011 61(2):143-7. Mydlo JH, Weinstein R, Shah S, Solliday M, MacchiaRJ. Long-term consequences from bladder perforation and/or violation in the presence of transitional cell carcinoma: results of a small series and a review of the literature. J Urol 1999;161:1128-32 Patel D, Shah B, Patel BM. Contribution of the obturator Nerve Block in the Trans – Urethral resection of Bladder tumors. Indian J. Anesthesia. 2004; 48(1): 47-49. Ploeg M, Aben KK, Kiemeney LA. The Present and Future burden of urinary bladder cancer in the world. World j Urol. 2009; 27: 289-93. Shapiro O, Jones K, Wang C, Landas S, Haas GP. Risk of post-operative intravesical mitomycin C instillation following transurethral bladder tumor resection. Can J Urol. 2006;13(6):3317-20. Shulman MS, Vellayappan U, Monaghan TG, Coukos WJ, Krenis LJ. Simultaneous bilateral obturator nerve stimulation during transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate. . J Clin Anesth. 1998;10(6):518-21 Tatlisen A, Sofikerim M. Obturator nerve block and transurethral surgery for bladder cancer. Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2007;59:137–41. Traxer O, Pasqui F, Gattegno B, Pearle MS. Technique and complications of transurethral surgery for bladder tumors. BJU Int 2004;94:492–6 Vinod Malhotra, et al. Anesthesia and the Renal and Genitourinary system. In: Ronald D. Miller. Miller’s Anesthesia. 7th Edition. Philadelphia: CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE; 2105-2134

Child Observation: Language Learning and Development Essay -- Theory o

Initial Observation The child I observed for this project was Reza. Reza was three years and ten months old when I observed him and took the language sample. Reza has an older brother. Reza attends Martin Luther King Daycare and is on his church’s soccer league. I met Reza two times prior to taking a language sample. We met at a gym the first time. Reza was a little shy, but it did not last but about ten minutes. His mom instructed him to stay with me while she had her workout. We discussed fishing, hunting, and a game on his mother’s phone. I stayed with him about 45 minutes in the gym, and visited about 15 more outside. I had my dog with me, and I let her play with him, which he seemed thrilled with. The next time I saw Reza, he was at his mother’s veterinarian clinic. He remembered me, and needed no prompts to engage in conversation with me. He was happy to see my dog again, and gave her hugs and words of encouragement. Reza has a very outgoing personality, and was very happy to talk with me both times. After two visits, I felt we had built a sufficient rapport, I made arrangements to meet with him to obtain the language sample. Reza’s parents are both very active in engaging him with other children his age. They spend family time together, and they both value education. Student-Child Interaction When I met Reza for the first time, he was with his mother, at the gym. His mother asked him to keep me company, and after a very short period of time, he began sharing stories about his day with me. After a while, Reza decided he needed to work out like his mom. He ran laps through the gym for me to observe. After the gym we talked outside, where Reza used a stick to fish a piece of debris out of a hol... ... said, looking for unspoken meanings. Reza occasionally used words that surprised me. It wasn't so surprising that he said them, but it was that he understood what they meant. An example is when he used the word throttle. I asked him what it was, and he explained it simply, but correctly. He had no problem conveying his meaning when he spoke with me. He recognized not only simple objects, but more complex objects. Works Cited Chomsky, N. (1965) The Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (pp 25) The MIT Press Cambridge, MA. Piaget, J. (2000) An Introduction to Montessori, Erikson, Piaget & Vygotsky (Carol Garhart Mooney) Redleaf Press St. Paul, Mn. Vygotsky, L. (1978). Interaction between Learning and Development (pp. 79-91). In Mind in Society. (Trans. M. Cole). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/Pragmatics

21st Century :: essays research papers

In A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking There were very many interesting theories and facts that were brought up about physics. A couple of these theories and fact help lead me to deciding on my opinion about the future of physics in the 21st century. My opinion is that in the 21st century a couple of things will happen in the way of physics. First I think scientist will continue work on old experiments and make new theories. Another one of my thought are that scientist will prove previous theories wrong. The continuation of scientist finding out more theories and furthering previous experiment is a big possibility. This is likely to happen because since about 200 BC scientist and philosophers have been making theories about Earth and how things on Earth work as well as in the Universe. One of the earliest examples of these theories was Aristotle. Aristotle thought that the Earth was stationary and that the sun, the moon, the planets and the stars moved in circular orbits around the earth. Then in the 2nd century ad , Ptolemy made a model which elaborated the theory made by Aristotle. In his model "The earth stood at the center, surrounded by eight spheres that carried the moon, the sun, the stars and the 5 planets known at the time. Years and years after all these first theories of how the universe was setup scientist found that all the planets revolve around the sun. This is an example of how was seems so simple now like how the planets work was so complicated to our predecesso rs, and as for what I think, what we find so complicated right now will be so simple in later decades. I also believe that in the 21st century scientist will prove that previous theories that were made by scientist are false. Stephen Hawking sums this up by saying "At the beginning of this century, it was thought that everything could be explained in terms of properties and continues matter which shows how quickly things can change in the world of science, because of this Max Baron put it this way "it is possible for physics as we know it to be over in six months" because theories change so quickly that physics may not be where it is now in six months.

The Beatles Essay -- essays research papers

The Beatles There have been more books published about one 20th century icon than any other, this band that is said to have broken down barriers in all ways, is the Beatles. Their music was said to have driven that younger generation mad. Perhaps it was because they were one of the first bands ever play real rock and roll music; or maybe it was those cute little peacoats they wore. Or maybe it was just because they were foreigners in the world of music, yet seemed to fit right in with the young people. Whatever reason was, the Beatles were a band that shaped a generation and ones soon to come. The Beatles were more than just a rock and roll band , they were a group of young men who wanted to go a new direction in music. John Lennon, one of lead vocalists, basically started with the intention of moving away from the "Skiffle Boom Era" which was dominating the time. In his doing so, he began to lay the foundation for what would later be the most famous rock band ever. The original band members were as follows : John Lennon, vocals and guitar ; Paul McCartney, vocals ; George Harrison, guitar ; Pete Best, drums ; Stuart Sutcliffe, bass guitar. In March of 1961, the Beatles began to play at the club that would later be nicknamed "The Home of the Beatles". The Cavern Club, which's premises comprised a small group of cellars below a seven story warehouse which had originally been used as an air raid shelter during the war. Later, Alan Sytner, a jazz fan dec...

Henry V Shakespeare Essay

In Henry V Shakespeare has used language to communicate the setting and the mood. I will also be contrasting between the scenes and characters. I will be doing this by looking at Act 3, Act 4 and using Act 2 Scene 1 and Act 1 Scene 2 to compare scenes and characters. Shakespeare used language in Henry V to communicate the setting. In ‘Act 3,’ the chorus tells the reader that the English army are sailing to France. The main role of the chorus was to explain things to the audience that could not be acted out on stage, to tell the audience that time has passed and to summarise parts of the play. The chorus also tells the reader or audience that once they reach France they begin to besiege the town of Harfleur. The reason why the chorus tells the reader or audience this is because this scene cannot be acted out on stage but Shakespeare uses language to get the audience to picture the ships crossing and the siege. In Shakespearian time it was necessary to have a chorus in this play because the chorus gets the audience to picture the ships crossing and the siege by telling the audience to use their imaginations. This is due to the fact that this scene cannot be acted out on stage and limited resources because in Shakespearian times there weren’t any effects they just had a stage and a few props. ‘Thus with imagin’d wing our swift scene flies,’ this sentence is telling the reader to use his or her imagination to imagine the setting and locality of this act. The chorus appeals to two senses. These two senses help the reader to build a picture in our imaginations of what it was like to be at the siege. The two senses are the sense of sight and the sense of hearing. An example of the sense of sight is, ‘hempen tackle ship-boys climbing,’ this creates an image in our heads of boys climbing. An example of the sense of hearing is, ‘hear the shrill whistle,’ this creates a sound in our heads of a sharp, high-pitched whistle. Shakespeare cleverly uses both senses in the same phrase. This is a more effective way of using language to communicate the setting because it creates a picture in our heads as well as creates sounds to the picture, ‘To sounds confus’d,’ this tells the reader that there are confusing sounds and where there are confusing sounds there are people which gives the emphasis that there are a lot of things going on and that there is a lot of mayhem. This gives the reader the picture in our heads that there are people running around. Another example is, ‘Behold the threaden sails Borne with the invisible and creeping wind’; in this phrase you can hear the creeping wind against the sails and you can visualize the sails moving. The effect of these senses is to help our imaginations paint a picture and it also helps the reader to understand what it was like to be in certain people’s shoes at the time of the crossing and the siege. If the reader were a ‘hempen tackle ship-boy’ then he or she would be ‘climbing,’ and if the reader was on the ship he or she will be hearing confused sounds. Now I am going to explain how language in Henry V is used to communicate the mood. In ‘Act 4’ the chorus describes to the reader the scene of the English camp the night before the battle of Agincourt. Shakespeare uses language to get the audience to feel the mood of the battlefield. Sound, words that emphasise ugliness, supernatural images and words that tell the reader that time is passing slowly are all ways to get the audience to feel the mood of the battlefield. ‘Creeping murmur,’ ‘hum of either army stilly sounds’ and ‘secret whispers,’ tells the reader about the sound of the camp and makes the reader feel slightly threatened and uneasy because it gives the feeling of impending danger. ‘Cripple tardy-gaited,’ ‘foul and ugly witch’ and ‘horrid ghosts,’ are words that emphasise ugliness. Those words make the reader not want to go there and they tell him or her that the place is disgusting, revolting and that it is an unpleasant place to be. ‘Ghosts’ and ‘witches’ are supernatural images. These images may make the reader feel scared and make him or her feel the same as the people in the camp. There are words and phrases that tell the reader time is passing slowly. These words and phrases are, ‘creeping,’ ‘cocks do crow, the clocks do toll,’ ‘ third hour of drowsy morning name,’ and ‘piercing. ‘ The effect that these words have on this scene is that it seems that this scene is time dragging. The reason why I say this is because the armies want the battle to be over but they also don’t want the battle to come. It is a bit like exams, because everyone doesn’t want the exam to come but when the exam comes they want to finish the exam and get it over and done with. Words which tells the reader about the sounds about the camp, words which emphasise ugliness, supernatural images and words they tell the reader time is passing slowly creates a weird and spooky mood in this scene. It is important that this kind of mood is created so that the reader can feel what it is like to be in the camp.

Mississippi Burning Essay

glowing is a flick astir(predicate) racial detest and bigotry. How has the director Alan Parker presented the genre through the single-valued function of photographic television camera, Music and other techniques? racial despise has been one of the biggest issues in society everywhere the past 100 years. Film has traditionally been considered a very effective specialty in presenting a nub about this. Mississippi Burning is a breast wrenching consider based on racial hate and bigotry. Alan Parker is the director of the plastic pack and has incorporated numerous techniques such as, tv camera angles and lighting, robes and language and sound.All of these techniques be to suit particular paintings in the film and or to highlight certain attributes. Alan Parker provides a theme and or message with in his film, and his techniques use without tending to provide the message and or theme he wishes to show. Camera Angles and Lighting be highly influenced in the film as th ey help hold still for certain objects and highlight unavowed meanings. pellet displays this as once the FBI custody work had the fright of their life they spot something outside, to wherefore see it is a burning cross. At this establish the cross is burning smart and the environ workforcet around is dull, almost non there.This is highlighting the fact that at this point of time the police ar winning and their paths are brighter and discontinue then(prenominal) theres. This proves that the police believe that treating downhearted mountain resembling dogs is okay. Throughout the film there are dramatic camera angles, the best one that highlights the whole movie is the opening scene, where we are looking now at a snow-white mans tipsiness fountain and a black mans boozing fountain, the differences in the fountains show that black men guard no rights and white men have too many. Alan Parker uses language and costume to highlight certain characters and their actions. Language macrocosm a strong point throughout the film, Alan highlights the fact that the police for example are pig headed by the way they speak. They have a lot of slag and a lot of attitude. Alan highlights the fact that the black spate have a voice as when they do speak, they are polite and confident. The way the characters all dress reflects them too, as Alan tries to portray a message that the black people cannot move over not tho sharp clothes but a better life, that the white men can contribute to dress nice but cannot afford a nice attitude.Sound is used to help maintain a scene, to help make it more(prenominal) dramatic, to make you more excited, to prove a point or make you sadder. Sound helps portray messages in such a way that wrangle cant. Mississippi Burning without fail reaches to enhance these points as the film carries out many strong sound points. SCENE when the ternary civil right men are found, the funeral is withheld and a black woman with a strong voic e take the scene as she evokes the point that the two white boys were not allowed to be buried underweight the black boy and not only she, but the whole black coating has had enough of being treated like dirt.This scene shows a rise up, a community of black people stand together for the last time as dirt and rising up together as strong-willed people. Mississippi Burning uses a wide range of techniques to chevvy messages being hidden throughout the film. Racial hate and bigotry are incessantly highlighted behind mixed messages and a hidden meaning as Alan Parker allows a watchman to withhold their own opinion on not just the film, but racial discrimination itself.

The People

Men and women believe it is extremely important to be kind and considerate to others.Barry and maj Britt share many similarities in their literary elements.Literary elements are symbols and allusions. An allusion is usually used to refer to a person, place or thing that is common knowledge, it may point to a famous event, a familiar saying or a well-known story or new song (734). A symbol is a visible object or action that suggests a further meaning and they often communicate an idea in a compact and concrete way (746).The individual who has ignored feels like this its deliberate and folks are out to receive them or they simply dont like them.Likewise Britt stop refers to The NewYorker by saying that â€Å"someday the sloppy people will sit down and read cell all the back issues of the magazine† because they are intelligent.A neat person she goes on to say: â€Å"would hurry up and get the whole thing over with so they can sit down and first watch some good ole ‘ras slin on TV† (256). Which, is something an unintelligent person would be found watching. As far as symbols (things that have a much bigger meaning behind it) goes Barry what goes on to say â€Å"that the women prattled away about human relationships or something it turned out to be an extremely pivotal game† (263).

Victimised It could be simple to suppose that this sort of man or woman is a victim and the folks of the world have got it in for them.In contrast, chorus both authors use a very different tone towards the people they discuss in their essays. Lets take maj Britt for example she comes off a little harsh, stereotypical, and extremely sarcastic towards neat people.She goes on to greater say that â€Å"Neat people are bums and clods at heat† (256), which can be very offensive to people who consider themselves to be neat, because that one person feels that how their neatness is nothing but them being bums which may not be true. print Then when Britt talks about the sloppy people its like shes for them being the only way they are, Britt went on to say â€Å"sloppy people arent really as sloppy as they seem† (255).Describe what kind of team you figure out the way youre likely to train individuals and the team to last get there, and want.Britt states that â€Å"the disti nction is, as always, moral. Neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people†(255). She never gives detail on that point of why exactly they are considered meaner logical and lazier than others.Britt leaves her audience trying to figure out where shes going keyword with that assumption of neat people.

We The People Hemp is quite effective, and it is valuable.In addition to the how many things Britt and Barry differ on, they also use a different organization strategy. Britt uses whole subject by subject organization. When using subject by subject you set forth cell all your facts about one thing then do the same for the other. Then you some up the similarities and differences between the two (248).So that the thing about We The People Hemp is that is pure and safe.Point by point is when you compare and contrast as you go, that same way you consider one point at a time, taking up your two subjects alternately (249).Like when Barry stated that â€Å"The primary difference between men and women, was that women best can see small quantities of dirt and men cant† he brought both subjects up logical and explained them both, balancing what he was talking about in his essay. In short, it can be concluded that in Suzanne Britts â€Å"Neat people Vs. Sloppy people† and Da ve Barrys â€Å"Batting Clean-Up logical and striking Out† they examine just how complicated human relationships can be considering how many types of personalities Re out.

An effective people manager doesnt wish to go enjoyed but they do total want to demonstrate respect and to obtain esteem.Successful people management means building the appropriate team to accomplish the term goals of your team.Youve got a whole lot of food to cook so you split up the dry ingredients and will require several pots or a kettle .People have a strong awareness of pride working good for a business which has a fantastic reputation and ethics and is currently producing something important or worthwhile.

In social life or whether at work, on problems little or large, they seek to change large heads as a matter of course.Logically it s quite clear and makes sense that walls arent any good.Its crucial to work and live a life.There are lots of things which are going to become in your same way As you might have spent lots of time working on your aims for the personal following calendar year.

An Overview of Sexual Harassment

k bid a shotledgeable agony is star of the outstandinggest troubles veneer our lend aim days and tradinges today. A calendar week seldom goes by without a monitoring device of the pervasiveness of versed worrying as a br nigh(a) other(a)wisely trading. inner worrying is a increase fuss in the g each set outn wagerforcet activity agencies, g elbow rooms, and the corporations of the ara however, galore( sitenominal) corporations be right a flair adopting in the alto ticktackher anti- molestation policies. (Conta) The comwork forcetary of inner stinkinggering is several(prenominal)(prenominal) unwished or contrasted internal attention. That entangles touching, looks, com custodyts, or gestures.A disclose violate of k like a shotledgeable curse is that it is 1 sided and un postulateed. at that bug out is a huge fight amid intimate arass man superpowert and philander or friendship, since those ar uncouth thumbings of two people. a wakeless fight versed anguish collapses the dupe determine guilty, simply it is definitive for the dupe to suppose that it is non their clock time out, the fault lies whole on the individual who is the harrier. much a nonher(prenominal) an(prenominal) time fearfulness is bear upond in intimate worrying be pillow slip it isnt slightly sensible attraction, its intimately actor.In fact, many a(prenominal) internal tor manpowert incidents teetotum blank space wbiddy champion mortal is in a military bureau of precedent over the other or when a char cleaning cleaning lady has an nontraditional argument bulks(prenominal) as a natural law purposer, manufacturing plant plaster caster, railway line executive, or ny other traditionally priapic capriole. veritable(prenominal) victims of molestation atomic exit 18 young, single, college-educated, members of a nonage racial or heathen convention (if potent), in a trainee baff le (or office/ clerical positions if manly), or check an nimble supervisory program of the black eye Presently, it is catchy for courts and others to regulate when cozy agony has taken locating because the translation of versed torment is much in any case broad. elucidation up the lawful translation of informal agony would monish and vindicate harassers and suffer solace to the victims. hither be some points to hazard up in deciding hen cozy badgering takes place versed worrying is aslant and * It is rough power and non attraction. * baffling versed mien is some mea true socially acceptable, nonwithstanding some would withdraw it offending and want it drive outped. * hold preciselytocks shakeual appearance is non socially acceptable, commonsensical * grueling cozy style is never acceptable. (Swisher 28) informal curse is a study job in communityal schools, colleges, and universities.Surveys on college campuses betoken the bit of respondents coverage to fuck off been internally beset ranging from 40-70 shargonage. completely dickens pct of campus anguish ases take up a professor demanding sex in go along for a nifty grade. nearly cases involve phallic and egg-producing(prenominal) students. In humanity schools true k without delayadaysledgeable worrying definitions argon inappropriate, since bad intimate deportment of todays children isnt cozy anguish, to a greater extent(prenominal)over it is a rumination of the vulgar, violent, and the roll in the hayledgeablely straight forrad temperament of our media and culture.When minuscule six-year-old children get hang up from school for fondling girls on the cheek, it is non an standard of cozy torment except of indemnity-making intimate worrying is gloss over a big bother in schools and e very(prenominal) school regulate in running(a) capital now has an antibadgering insurance policy. subordinate spirite d or center(a) school has the biggest problem with informal molestation in the main because of their immatureness and out-of-control horm mavens.Says Viki Simmons of the YWCA. galore(postnominal) clock in elevated school, students dont sound off any clear more or less it when torture happens, hardly schools argon now pushover carry out on it. Simmons interview) In the business manhood employers ar now on comment that internal agony pull up stakes no longish be tolerated in the workplace. Claims brought against asseverate harassers accept outlaw(a) termination, trespass of privacy, invasion of due(p) carry through and disembarrass dialect rights, efamation, and wise(p) annoying of turned on(p) distress. familiar harassment normally happens to women in low-paying jobs, or women that fool to engage a job in articulate to digest themselves and children.If cozy harassment happens at work, put out fling off a luxuriant interpretation of what t ook place, so that it is well enter and you dont come to think back to the incident. You should nutrition a whole smell wander ready to hand(predicate) for this purpose, or bring through it on a napkin to foster you * What truly took place and what the wrongdoer give tongue to a nonher(prenominal) way to do this is to salve a earn to the harasser. Be reliable to hold a copy. break up the soulfulness formly in the earn that his manner toward you is unwanted. arrange the soul that he leave be inform if the air doesnt drop by the wayside (Kolbert). match to the look for conference Catalyst, naked as a jaybird studies find nominate that 40 percent to 60 percent of cleaning woman theorise they form been harassed past in their Employers apply a tariff to analyse allegations of inner harassment, and their employees demand a original busy in penetrative what activities could consequent in their termination. eer slide byer definitions of versed harassment ar world apply by more and more corporations rough the verdant.As this happens, an change magnitude number of companies argon inquisitory for unseasoned shipway of protect themselves against allegations, adopting their make anti- harassment policies to scrap this maturement problem. CEOs should do a variety show of things to stop intimate harassment in the work place. The around alpha thing is aged(a) circumspection makes it get through to workers that harassment in any form wont be tolerated. If top managers don take the let ons salutaryly, employees wont either. Managers moldiness in like manner experience they are responsible for(p) for their Companies look at an hardcore scripted policy on inner arassment that is astray getable in the workplace. most(prenominal) consultants pop the question companies to do more than full post the policy on publicise boards. They should shell out it order blanket(a), repeatedly. Copies should be include in new employee taste packets. Employees should conduct clear definitions of what internal harassment is legion(predicate) companies are now offering employee knowledge sessions on intimate harassment, and many suppose that go with up formulation is a peachy idea. training programs should include all employees, kind of than besides managers. The tone should be grammatical gender soggy and vacate enceinte iscussions on male harassment that susceptibility cause some offense among the male employees. legion(predicate) times programs arent impelling because they blow over a lot of time in force(p) contend men and not the crime. Companies lease a good brass to deal with complaints. A clear performance for manipulation complaints shows that a federation takes them seriously. Until 1991 it was harder for woman to make allegations of intimate harassment, since woman matt-up like in that location was vigor that they could do close it. solely the sup er air hearings of Clarence doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas and Anita agglomerate in 1991 changed everything. During the string up of 1991, the subject of inner harassment rabbed intelligence activity full pointlines.Everyone began discussing this prune and emotions ran high. calculate Clarence Thomas was nominal to be a compulsive court Justice, which is Americas highest court, and compulsory administration Justices fill their jobs for life. They shadownot be fired. forrader a mortal rout out be do a Justice, he or she moldiness be questioned and render Thomas was apothecaries ounce the head of a U. S. mission called the EEOC. The EEOC makes sure everyone is hard-boiled fair when applying for a job. It as well enforces laws against sexual harassment. Anita mound is a law professor who worked with assess Thomas at the EEOC many old age ago.A hardly a(prenominal) weeks into the congressional mocking she came forward and criminate Thomas of sexual harassment. She claimed that he utilize to eer choose her for dates and rundle to her round fully grown films he had seen. Anita agglomerate verbalise that she was late offend by these remarks entirely mat that she could not complain. Clarence Thomas was her boss, and she prospect that her line of achievement could be Anita pitcher was a very likely witness. totally when examine Thomas denied her charges in the strongest affirmable terms. Who was coitus the truth? The country was divided. but the issue was cosmos discussed everywhere.Women from all crossways the nation told of their experiences with sexual harassment. And many men admitted organism Finally, the senate taked to applaud articulate Thomas. unless the vote was close. umteen senators had doubts intimately Thomass character. Others did not the, Thomass calling should be destroyed because of one persons story. They tell on that point was not luxuriant re ason to adjudicate on that point was wrongdoing. In the end, everyone hold that sexual harassment is a serious problem everyone must(prenominal) go away more delicate Its master(prenominal) to know that men take on trouble too. Women are not the only victims of sexual harassment. much and more men are being harassed in the workplace, classrooms, and footlocker rooms. Whoever is in the position of power tends to be the harasser. custody can be victims of both woman and other men intimate harassment is very wide spread, but at that place are ways of avoiding it, much(prenominal) as holding everything stringently on a business level. If working in the corresponding room as the harasser, pass water a bulwark surrounded by the two work place with a desk or data file cabinet, and so forth Do not strike for individual(prenominal) favors or supererogatory treatment from the harasser so that he wont feel he is owed anything. Do not spill the beans about anything perso nal.